HDAC inhibitors and therapeutic methods of using same

ABSTRACT

Histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACIs) and compositions containing the same are disclosed. Methods of treating diseases and conditions wherein inhibition of HDAC provides a benefit, like a cancer, a neurodegenerative disorder, a neurological disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, malaria, an autoimmune disease, autism, and inflammation, also are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/384,724, filed Jun.7, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,431,538, which is the U.S. national phaseof International Application No. PCT/US2010/040879, filed Jul. 2, 2010,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/227,516 filed Jul. 22, 2009.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST

This invention was made with government support under grant number R01AG022941 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The governmenthas certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors,to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the HDACinhibitors, to methods of increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells tothe cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy comprisingcontacting the cell with one or more of the HDAC inhibitors, and totherapeutic methods of treating conditions and diseases whereininhibition of HDAC provides a benefit, for example, a cancer, aninflammation, a neurological disease, a neurodegenerative disorder,stroke, traumatic brain injury, allograft rejection, autoimmunediseases, and malaria, comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a present HDAC inhibitor to an individual in needthereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Inhibitors of HDACs modulate transcription and induce cell growtharrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) alsoenhance the cytotoxic effects of therapeutic agents used in cancertreatment, including radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs. Moreover,recent research indicates that transcriptional dysregulation maycontribute to the molecular pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerativedisorders, such as Huntington's disease, spinal muscular atrophy,amyotropic lateral sclerosis, and ischemia. For example, suberoylanilidehydroxamic acid (SAHA) has been shown to penetrate into the brain todramatically improve motor impairment in a mouse model of Huntington'sdisease, thereby validating research directed to HDACIs in the treatmentof neurodegenerative diseases.

A recent review summarized evidence that aberrant histoneacetyltransferase (HAT) and HDAC activity may be a common underlyingmechanism contributing to neurodegeneration. Moreover, from a mousemodel of depression, the therapeutic potential of HDACs in treatingdepression is discussed. See WO 2008/019025, designating the UnitedStates, incorporated herein in its entirety.

Eleven isozymes in the HDAC family of enzymes, which can be grouped intoclasses by their evolutionary relationships, have been identified.Structure and function appear to be conserved among members of thevarious classes. The HDAC family is made up of class I HDACs, includingHDAC1, 2, 3, and 8; class IIa, including HDAC4, 5, 7, and 9; class IIb,including HDAC6 and 10; and a class IV enzyme, HDAC11 (A. J. de Ruijteret al., The Biochemical Journal 2003, 370(Pt), 737-749).

The class I HDACs are found primarily in the nucleus and are expressedin all tissue types, except for the muscle cell-specific HDAC8. Theclass I HDACs interact with many key transcription factors regulatinggene expression, including CoREST and NuRD. Class IIa HDACs have tissuespecific expression, and are found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.Unlike the other isozymes, the class IIb HDAC6 does not extensivelyassociate with transcription factors, and acts as a deacetylase onnon-histone proteins, including α-tubulin and HSP90 (O. Witt et al.,Cancer Letters 2008).

HDACs form multiprotein complexes with many regulatory proteins insidethe cell. For example, HDAC4, 5, and 7 actually lack intrinsicdeacetylase ability, and gain activity only by interacting with HDAC3.Each isozyme interacts with a specific series of regulatory proteins andtranscription factors and has a specific set of substrates, and thuseach regulates a specific series of genes and proteins (O. Witt et al.,Cancer Letters 2008). The design of selective HDAC isozyme inhibitorsallows preferential inhibition of only the isozyme(s) relevant to aparticular disease or condition, thereby reducing the probability ofcounterproductive and/or adverse effects resulting from an unwanted andundesired inhibition of other HDAC isozymes.

HDAC6 is the most abundant histone deacetylase isozyme in the humanbody, and along with HDAC7, is the most commonly expressed isozyme inthe brain (A. J. de Ruijter et al., The Biochemical Journal 2003,370(Pt), 737-749). HDAC6 is unique in that it does not form multiproteincomplexes. Structurally significant features of HDAC6 include twodeacetylase domains and a zinc finger motif. It is most commonly foundin the cytoplasm, but can be shuttled into the nucleus via its nuclearexport signal. A cytoplasmic retention signal, which sequesters theenzyme in the cytoplasm, also was found (A. Valenzuela-Fernandez et al.,Trends in Cell Biology 2008, 18(6), 291-297). The functions of HDAC6 areunlike any of the other HDAC isozymes. Many non-histone substrates aredeacetylated by HDAC6, including α-tubulin, HSP90, cortactin, andperoxiredoxins (O. Witt et al., Cancer Letters 2008; R. B. Parmigiani etal., PNAS USA 2008, 105(28), 9633-9638).

The design of HDACIs focuses on the three major domains of the enzymemolecule. A zinc binding group (ZBG) of the HDACI typically is ahydroxamic acid, benzamide, or thiol, although other functional groupshave been used. This ZBG moiety of the inhibitor chelates the zinccofactor found in the active site of the enzyme. The ZBG moietytypically is bonded to a lipophilic linker group, which occupies anarrow channel leading from the HDAC surface to the active site. Thislinker, in turn, is bonded to a surface recognition, or ‘cap’, moiety,which typically is an aromatic group that interacts with residues at thesurface of the enzyme (K. V. Butler et al., Current PharmaceuticalDesign 2008, 14(6), 505-528).

Currently, at least eleven HDACIs are in clinical development. TheseHDACIs can be divided into at least five chemical classes, illustratedbelow, based on their structure, and in most cases they broadly andnonselectively inhibit class I/II HDACs with varying efficiency. Thesefive chemical classes are hydroxamates, cyclic tetrapeptides, cyclicpeptides, short-chain fatty acids, and benzamides. Typically, knownHDACIs fail to show prominent HDAC isozyme selectivity, which as statedabove can cause serious problems in a clinical setting, especially inthe treatment of diseases and conditions wherein a prolonged drugadministration of an HDACI is required. For example, it has been foundthat some HDACIs enhance lung and microglial inflammation (TSA andSAHA), as well as high glucose-induced inflammation. If this effect islinked to specific HDAC isozymes, the use of certain HDACIs would becontraindicated in various diseases and conditions, such as diabetes andasthma.

HDAC-regulated factors have been implicated in the mechanisms of majorcentral nervous system (CNS) disorders. In Parkinson's disease (PD),α-synuclein binds to histones and inhibits HAT activity, causingneurodegeneration. Application of HDACIs to PD neurons blocksα-synuclein toxicity. Dysregulation of histone acetylation, involvingCBP, a neuroprotective transcription factor with histoneacetyltransferase activity, has been found in Huntington's disease (HD),Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (T. Abel et al.,Curr. Opin. in Pharmacol. 2008, 8(1), 57-64). In a cellular model of AD,cell death was accompanied by loss of CBP function and histonedeacetylation. The mutant HD protein, htt, interacts with CBP,inhibiting the HAT activity and causing cell death. Treatment with anHDACI helps to restore histone acetylation, protecting againstneurodegeneration and improving motor performance in a mouse model of HD(C. Rouaux et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 2004, 68(6), 1157-1164).

Various studies directed to the application of HDACIs in the context ofCNS disorders have implicated the class II HDACs, particularly HDAC6, aspotential therapeutic targets. One investigation revealed thatinhibition of HDAC6 could be beneficial as a treatment for HD, a diseasefor which no pharmacological treatment is available. The mutant httprotein found in HD disrupts intracellular transport of the pro-survivaland pro-growth nerve factor, BDNF, along the microtubule network,causing neuronal toxicity. Inhibition of HDAC6 promotes transport ofBDNF by promoting tubulin hyperacetylation. TSA (trichostatin A), anonselective HDAC inhibitor, was found to facilitate transport andrelease of BNDF-containing vesicles (J. P. Dompierre et al., J Neurosci2007, 27(13), 3571-3583). These results provide a biological basis forthe identification and development of HDACIs, and particularly HDAC6selective inhibitors, as a treatment for HD and other neurodegenerativedisorders.

HDACIs prevent or delay neuronal dysfunction and death in in vitro andin vivo models thereby indicating that HDACIs are broadlyneuroprotective. For example, HDACIs have shown therapeutic efficacy inthe polyglutamine-expansion disorder Huntington's disease. While theneuroprotective mechanisms of the HDACIs in rodent models are not yetunderstood, it is clear that HDACIs induce the expression of certaingenes that confer neuroprotection. The upregulation of HSP-70 and Bcl-2through the inhibition of HDAC has been observed in the cortex andstriatum of rats after focal cerebral ischemia. HSP-70 expression hasbeen found to result in neuroprotection in a number of disease modelsincluding Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), andHuntington's disease (HD).

Studies also provide good evidence that HDACI-induced p21cip1/waf1expression may play a significant role in HDACI-mediatedneuroprotection. It recently was reported that p21cip1/waf1overexpression protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced death,that p21cip1/waf1 is induced in the rodent brain by HDAC inhibition, andthat homozygous loss of p21cip1/waf1 exacerbates damage in a mouseMCAO/reperfusion model of ischemic stroke. In a similar study, the HDACinhibitor TSA was shown to increase gelsolin expression in neurons, andthat gelsolin expression is necessary for neuroprotection in anoxygen/glucose deprivation model of neurodegeneration and a mouseMCAO/reperfusion model of ischemic stroke.

Alternatively, unrelated to histone acetylation and gene upregulation,proteins such as alpha-tubulin and HSP90 are targets for acetylation andbecome acetylated when HDACs are inhibited. In tumor cells, theacetylation of HSP90 has been shown to decrease HSP90 ability tointeract with certain client proteins and thereby abrogate chaperonefunction. With regard to stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), aswell as several other neurodegenerative diseases, the inhibition ofHSP90 is predicted to have a positive effect on neuronal survival.Indeed, the pharmacological HSP90 inhibitor, Geldanamycin, and itsanalogs have been shown to be neuroprotective in a number of strokemodels. HSP90 inhibition and the consequent release of heat-shock factor(HSF) to the nucleus may also, in part, explain an upregulation of HSP70in the brain during focal ischemia and HDACI treatment.

In addition, HDACIs are useful in the treatment of cancers. For example,histone acetylation and deacetylation play important roles in chromatinfolding and maintenance (Kornberg et al., Bjorklund et al., Cell, 1999,96:759-767; Struhl et al., Cell, 1998, 94:1-4). Acetylated chromatin ismore open and has been implicated in the increased radiationsensitivities observed in some cell types (Oleinick et al., Int. J.Radiat. Biol. 1994, 66:523-529). Furthermore, certainradiation-resistant human cancer cells treated with the HDACI inhibitorTSA were sensitized to the damaging effects of ionizing radiation. Thus,HDACIs appear useful as radiation sensitizing agents.

WO 2008/055068, designating the U.S. and incorporated herein in itsentirety, discloses numerous diseases and conditions treatable byHDACIs, including the underlying science and reasoning supporting suchtreatments.

HDAC6 therefore has emerged as an attractive target for drug developmentand research. (C. M. Grozinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999,96, 4868-73; and C. Boyault et al., Oncogene 2007, 26, 5468-76.)Presently, HDAC6 inhibition is believed to offer potential therapies forautoimmunity, cancer, and many neurodegenerative conditions. (S. Minucciet al., Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2006, 6, 38-51; L. Wang et al., Nat. Rev. DrugDiscov. 2009, 8, 969-81; J. P. Dompierre et al., J. Neurosci. 2007, 27,3571-83; and A. G. Kazantsev et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2008, 7,854-68.) Selective inhibition of HDAC6 by small molecule or genetictools has been demonstrated to promote survival and re-growth of neuronsfollowing injury, offering the possibility for pharmacologicalintervention in both CNS injury and neurodegenerative conditions. (M. A.Rivieccio et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 19599-604.)Unlike other histone deacetylases, inhibition of HDAC6 does not appearto be associated with any toxicity, making it an excellent drug target.(O. Witt et al., Cancer Lett 2009, 277, 8-21.) Tubacin, an HDAC6selective inhibitor, and used in models of disease, has helped tovalidate, in part, HDAC6 as a drug target, but its non-drug-likestructure, high lipophilicity (ClogP=6.36 (KOWWIN)), and tedioussynthesis make it more useful as a research tool than a drug. (S.Haggarty et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 4389-94.) Othercompounds also have a modest preference for inhibiting HDAC6. (S.Schafer et al., Chem Med Chem 2009, 4, 283-90; Y. Itoh et al., J. Med.Chem. 2007, 50, 5425-38; and S. Manku et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.2009, 19, 1866-70.)

In summary, extensive evidence supports a therapeutic role for HDACIs inthe treatment of a variety of conditions and diseases, such as cancersand CNS diseases and degenerations. However, despite exhibiting overallbeneficial effects, like beneficial neuroprotective effects, forexample, HDACIs known to date have little specificity with regard toHDAC inhibition, and therefore inhibit all zinc-dependent histonedeacetylases. It is still unknown which is the salient HDACI(s) thatmediate(s) neuroprotection when inhibited. Emerging evidence suggeststhat at least some of the HDAC isozymes are absolutely required for themaintenance and survival of neurons, e.g., HDAC1. Additionally, adverseside effect issues have been noted with nonspecific HDAC inhibition.Thus, the clinical efficacy of present-day nonspecific HDACIs forstroke, neurodegenerative disorders, neurological diseases, and otherdiseases and conditions ultimately may be limited. It is importanttherefore to design, synthesize, and test compounds capable of servingas potent, and preferably isozyme-selective, HDACIs that are able toameliorate the effects of neurological disease, neurodegenerativedisorder, traumatic brain injury, cancer, inflammation, malaria,autoimmune diseases, immunosuppressive therapy, and other conditions anddiseases mediated by HDACs.

An important advance in the art would be the discovery of HDACIs, andparticularly selective HDAC6 inhibitors, that are useful in thetreatment of diseases wherein HDAC inhibition provides a benefit, suchas cancers, neurological diseases, traumatic brain injury,neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, malaria, allograft rejection,rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammations. Accordingly, a significant needexists in the art for efficacious compounds, compositions, and methodsuseful in the treatment of such diseases, alone or in conjunction withother therapies used to treat these diseases and conditions. The presentinvention is directed to meeting this need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to HDACIs, pharmaceutical compositionscomprising the HDACIs, and methods of treating diseases and conditionswherein inhibition of HDAC provides a benefit, such as a cancer, aneurological disease, a neurodegenerative disorder, stroke, aninflammation, traumatic brain injury, rheumatoid arthritis, allograftrejection, autoimmune diseases, and malaria, comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of an HDACI to an individual in needthereof. The present invention also relates to a method of increasingthe sensitivity of a cancer cell to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Insome embodiments, the present HDACIs exhibit selectivity for particularHDAC isozymes, such as HDAC6, over other HDAC isozymes.

More particularly, the present invention relates to HDACIs having astructural formula (I):

wherein ring

is an aliphatic or aromatic five- or six-membered ring;

D, E, and F, independently, are selected from the group consisting ofC(R^(a))², O, S, and NR^(a);

G is selected from the group consisting of null, C(R^(a))₂, O, S,NR^(a), C(R^(a))₂—C(R^(a))₂, NR^(a)—C(R^(a))₂, NR^(a)—NR^(a),C(R^(a))₂—O, and C(R^(a))₂—S;

R⁰, independently, is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆heteroalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆ perfluoroalkyl, C₁₋₆perfluoroalkoxy,aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkyl,C₁₋₆alkylenearyl, C₁₋₆alkyleneheteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyleneheterocycloalkyl,C₁₋₆alkylenecycloalkyl,

OR^(b), halo, N(R^(b))₂, SR^(b), SOR^(b), SO₂R^(b), CN, C(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)R^(b), C(═O)OR^(b), C₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),C₁₋₆alkyleneSR^(b), C₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b), C(═O)N(R^(b))₂,C(═O)NR^(b)C₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b), OC₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b),OC₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂, OC₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),OC₁₋₆alkyleneNR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), NR^(b)C₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂,NR^(b)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(b)C(═O)N(R^(b))₂, N(SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl)₂,NR^(b)(SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl), nitro, and SO₂N(R^(b))₂;

m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

R^(a), independently, is selected from the group consisting of null,hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkylenearyl,C₁₋₆alkyleneheteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b), C₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)R^(b),C₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)N(R^(b))₂, C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)N(R^(b))₂, C(═O)OR^(b), CN,OR^(b), halo, N(R^(b))₂, SR^(b), SOR^(b), SO₂R^(b), CF₃, OCF₃, NO₂,OC(═O)R^(b), OC₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b),C₁₋₆alkyleneOC₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b), C(═O)NR^(b)SO₂R^(b),C(═O)C₁₋₆alkylenearyl, C₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),C₁₋₆alkyleneSR^(b), C(═O)NR^(b)C₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),OC₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂, OC₂₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),OC₂₋₆alkyleneNR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), NR^(b)C₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂,NR^(b)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(b)C(═O)N(R^(b))₂, N(SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl)₂,NR^(b)(SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl), SO₂N(R^(b))₂, and OSO₂CF₃;

R^(b), independently, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆heteroalkyl, C₁₋₆alkyleneNH₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneNH(C₁₋₆alkyl),C₁₋₆alkyleneN(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneNH(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneOH,C₁₋₆alkyleneOC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyleneSH, C₁₋₆alkyleneSC₁₋₆alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀heterocycloalkyl;

Y is selected from the group consisting of null, C₁₋₈alkylene, R^(a)substituted C₁₋₈alkylene, NR^(b), C(═O), aryl, C(═O)aryl,C(═O)C₁₋₆alkylene, C₁₋₈alkyleneNR^(b), C₁₋₆alkylenearyleneC₁₋₆alkylene,C₂₋₆alkenylene, C₄₋₈alkdienylene, C₁₋₆alkylenearylene,C₁₋₆alkyleneheteroarylene, R^(a) substituted C₁₋₆alkyleneheteroarylene,and C₂₋₆alkenylenearyleneC₁₋₆alkylene;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —C(═O)N(R^(c))OH,

—O(CH₂)₁₋₆C(═O)N(R^(c))OR^(b),

—N(R^(c))(CH₂)₁₋₆C(═O)N(R^(c))OR^(c),

arylC(═O)NHOH,

—N(OH)C(═O)R^(c),

heteroarylC(═O)NHOH,

—B(OR^(c))₂,

—SO₂NHR^(c),

—NHSO₂NHR^(c),

—NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkyl,

—SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl,

—P(═O)(OR^(g))₂, wherein R^(g) independently is hydrogen, methyl, orethyl,

—NH—P(═O)(OR^(g))₂,

—C(═O)R^(f) wherein R^(f) is selected from the group consisting of OH,N(R^(c))², NH(OCH₃), N(CH₃)OH, C₁₋₆alkyl, CF₃, aryl, heteroaryl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, NHSO₂CH₃, NHSO₂CF₃, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl,

—C(═O)(C(R^(c))²)₁₋₆SH,

—C(═O)C(═O)NHR^(c),

—C(═O)NHN(R^(c))₂,

—C(═O)NH(CH₂)₁₋₃N(R^(c))₂,

—SR^(d) wherein R^(d) is hydrogen or (C═O)CH₃,

—S— (C═O)C₁₋₆alkyl,

C₃₋₁₀heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with oxo (═O), thioxo (═S),or both,

aryl optionally substituted with one or more of C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(e),—NH₂, and —SH,

heteroaryl optionally substituted with —NH₂, —SH, or both,

—N(H)C(═O)SH,

—NHC(═O)NHR^(e),

—NHC(═O)CH₂R^(e),

—NHC(═O)(CH₂)₁₋₆SH,

—NHC(═O)CH₂Hal,

—NHC(═S)NHR^(e),

—NHC(═S)CH₂R^(e),

—C(═S)NHR^(e),

—C(═S)CH₂R^(e),

—NHC(═S)CH₂R^(e),

—NHC(═S)CH₂Hal, and

—(C═O)C₁₋₆alkyl;

R^(c), independently, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C═O)CH₃, C₁₋₆alkyl, CF₃, CH₂F, and aryl, or two R^(c) groups are takentogether with the carbon to which they attached to form a C₃₋₈cycloalkylgroup; and

R^(e) is NH₂ or OH;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method oftreating a condition or disease by administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an HDACI of structural formula (I) to an individualin need thereof. The disease or condition of interest is treatable byinhibition of HDAC, for example, a cancer, a neurodegenerative disorder,a traumatic brain injury, a neurological disease, an inflammation,stroke, an autoimmune disease, allograft rejection, and malaria.

The present HDACIs contain a bidentate chelate as the ZBG. Preferably, apresent HDACI contains a relatively short linker group between the ZBGand the aromatic surface recognition group, e.g., contains a 0 to 5carbon atom chain. The aromatic surface recognition group is a tricyclicmoiety, such as carbazole, i.e.,

or

wherein the A ring can be aliphatic or aromatic, carbocyclic orheterocyclic, and 5-, 6-, or 7-membered. Either or both of A and C ringscan be substituted, independently, with one to four substituents.

It has been found that a degree of isoform selectivity for an HDACI canbe achieved by manipulating the surface recognition group in concertwith the ZBG. In particular, a combination of steric and electronicproperties of the surface recognition group modulates the ability of thecompounds to target different isoforms via interactions with an HDACsurface. Such considerations led to the present HDACIs having acarbazole-type surface recognition group that exhibits selectivity inthe inhibition of HDAC6.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method oftreating a cancer comprising administering to an individual in needthereof, such as a human, a therapeutically effective amount of an HDACIof structural formula (I). The HDACI of structural formula (I) can beadministered as the sole anticancer therapy, or in conjunction with atherapeutically effective amount of a second anticancer agent, such asradiation and/or chemotherapy.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method ofincreasing the sensitivity of a cancer cell to the cytotoxic effects ofradiotherapy and/or chemotherapy comprising contacting the cell with aneffective amount of an HDACI of structural formula (I). In certainembodiments, the cell is an in vivo cell.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method oftreating a neurological disease comprising administering to anindividual in need thereof, such as a human, a therapeutically effectiveamount of an HDACI of structural formula (I). The present invention alsorelates to a method of treating neurodegenerative disorders andtraumatic brain injuries comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an HDACI of the structural formula (I) to anindividual in need thereof. In each embodiment, a present HDACI can bethe sole therapeutic agent or can be administered with additionaltherapeutic agents known to treat the disease or condition of interest.

The present invention also provides a method of treating malaria andother parasitic infections comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an HDACI of structural formula (I) to an individualin need thereof. In certain embodiments, the individual is a human. Incertain embodiments, said method further comprises optionallycoadministering a second antimalarial compound (e.g., chloroquine).

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofinducing immunosuppression in an individual comprising administration ofa therapeutically effective amount of an HDACI of structural formula (I)to an individual in need thereof, for example, an individual receiving atransplant. This method further comprises optionally coadministering asecond immunosuppressant (e.g., cyclosporin).

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a method oftreating inflammatory diseases and conditions, e.g., arthritis andrheumatic diseases, comprising administration of a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an HDACI of structural formula (I) to an individualin need thereof. The method further contemplates optionalcoadministration of a second anti-inflammatory drug.

In another embodiment, the present invention also provides apharmaceutical composition comprising an HDACI of structural formula (I)and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Another embodiment of the present invention is to utilize an HDACIcomprising a compound of structural formula (I) and an optional secondtherapeutically active agent in a method of treating an individual for adisease or condition wherein inhibition of HDAC provides a benefit.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides for use of a compositioncomprising an HDACI of structural formula (I) and an optional secondtherapeutic agent for the manufacture of a medicament for treating adisease or condition of interest, e.g., a cancer.

Still another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a kitfor human pharmaceutical use comprising (a) a container, (b1) a packagedcomposition comprising an HDACI of structural formula (I), and,optionally, (b2) a packaged composition comprising a second therapeuticagent useful in the treatment of a disease or condition of interest, and(c) a package insert containing directions for use of the composition orcompositions, administered simultaneously or sequentially, in thetreatment of the disease or condition of interest.

The HDACI of structural formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent canbe administered together as a single-unit dose or separately asmulti-unit doses, wherein the HDACI of structural formula (I) isadministered before the second therapeutic agent, or vice versa. It isenvisioned that one or more dose of an HDACI of structural formula (I)and/or one or more dose of a second therapeutic agent can beadministered.

In one embodiment, an HDACI of structural formula (I) and a secondtherapeutic agent are administered simultaneously. In relatedembodiments, an HDACI of structural formula (I) and second therapeuticagent are administered from a single composition or from separatecompositions. In a further embodiment, an HDACI of structural formula(I) and a second therapeutic agent are administered sequentially. AnHDACI of structural formula (I) can be administered in an amount ofabout 0.005 to about 500 milligrams per dose, about 0.05 to about 250milligrams per dose, or about 0.5 to about 100 milligrams per dose.

Compounds of the invention inhibit HDAC and are useful research toolsfor in vitro study of histone deacetylases and their role in biologicalprocesses.

These and other novel aspects of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description of the preferredembodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B contain bar graphs of concentrations of TSA (FIG. 1A) orcompound 6 (FIG. 1B) vs. survival (% control) for the HCA oxidativestress assay;

FIG. 2 contains bar graphs of % freezing response for mice treated withAβ42, compound 6, or Aβ42 and compound 6 versus a control; and

FIG. 3 contains plots of Average Arthritic Score vs. Day of Treatmentfor mice treated with vehicle, ENBREL® 10 mg/kg, compound 6 (50 mg/kg),or compound 6 (100 mg/kg).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is directed to novel HDACIs and their use intherapeutic treatments of, for example, cancers, inflammations,traumatic brain injuries, neurodegenerative disorders, neurologicaldiseases, strokes, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, andmalaria. The present HDACIs also increase the sensitivity of a cancercell to the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Insome embodiments, the present HDACIs selectively inhibit HDAC6 overother HDAC isozymes.

The present invention is described in connection with preferredembodiments. However, it should be appreciated that the invention is notlimited to the disclosed embodiments. It is understood that, given thedescription of the embodiments of the invention herein, variousmodifications can be made by a person skilled in the art. Suchmodifications are encompassed by the claims below.

The term “a disease or condition wherein inhibition of HDAC provides abenefit” pertains to a condition in which HDAC and/or the action of HDACis important or necessary, e.g., for the onset, progress, expression ofthat disease or condition, or a disease or a condition which is known tobe treated by an HDAC inhibitor (such as, e.g., TSA,pivalolyloxymethylbutane (AN-9; Pivanex), FK-228 (Depsipeptide),PXD-101, NVP-LAQ824, SAHA, MS-275, and or MGCD0103). Examples of suchconditions include, but are not limited to, cancer, psoriasis,fibroproliferative disorders (e.g., liver fibrosis), smooth muscleproliferative disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, restenosis),neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington'schorea, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, spino-cerebellar degeneration),inflammatory diseases (e.g., osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis),diseases involving angiogenesis (e.g., cancer, rheumatoid arthritis,psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy), hematopoietic disorders (e.g., anemia,sickle cell anemia, thalasseimia), fungal infections, parasiticinfections (e.g., malaria, trypanosomiasis, helminthiasis, protozoalinfections), bacterial infections, viral infections, and conditionstreatable by immune modulation (e.g., multiple sclerosis, autoimmunediabetes, lupus, atopic dermatitis, allergies, asthma, allergicrhinitis, inflammatory bowel disease; and for improving grafting oftransplants). One of ordinary skill in the art is readily able todetermine whether a compound treats a disease or condition mediated byHDAC for any particular cell type, for example, by assays whichconveniently can be used to assess the activity of particular compounds.

The term “second therapeutic agent” refers to a therapeutic agentdifferent from an HDACI of structural formula (I) and that is known totreat the disease or condition of interest. For example when a cancer isthe disease or condition of interest, the second therapeutic agent canbe a known chemotherapeutic drug, like taxol, or radiation, for example.

The term “HDAC” refers to a family of enzymes that remove acetyl groupsfrom a protein, for example, the ε-amino groups of lysine residues atthe N-terminus of a histone. The HDAC is a human HDAC, including, HDAC1,HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC8, HDAC9, HDAC10, andHDAC11. The HDAC also can be derived from a protozoal or fungal source.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treating,” “treatment,” and the likerefer to eliminating, reducing, relieving, reversing, and/orameliorating a disease or condition and/or symptoms associatedtherewith. Although not precluded, treating a disease or condition doesnot require that the disease, condition, or symptoms associatedtherewith be completely eliminated, including the treatment of acute orchronic signs, symptoms and/or malfunctions. As used herein, the terms“treat,” “treating,” “treatment,” and the like may include “prophylactictreatment,” which refers to reducing the probability of redeveloping adisease or condition, or of a recurrence of a previously-controlleddisease or condition, in a subject who does not have, but is at risk ofor is susceptible to, redeveloping a disease or condition or arecurrence of the disease or condition, “treatment” therefore alsoincludes relapse prophylaxis or phase prophylaxis. The term “treat” andsynonyms contemplate administering a therapeutically effective amount ofa compound of the invention to an individual in need of such treatment.A treatment can be orientated symptomatically, for example, to suppresssymptoms. It can be effected over a short period, be oriented over amedium term, or can be a long-term treatment, for example within thecontext of a maintenance therapy.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective dose” as usedherein refers to an amount of the active ingredient(s) that, whenadministered, is (are) sufficient, to efficaciously deliver the activeingredient(s) for the treatment of condition or disease of interest toan individual in need thereof. In the case of a cancer or otherproliferation disorder, the therapeutically effective amount of theagent may reduce (i.e., retard to some extent and preferably stop)unwanted cellular proliferation; reduce the number of cancer cells;reduce the tumor size; inhibit (i.e., retard to some extent andpreferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs;inhibit (i.e., retard to some extent and preferably stop) tumormetastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; reduce HDAC signalingin the target cells; and/or relieve, to some extent, one or more of thesymptoms associated with the cancer. To extent the administered compoundor composition prevents growth and/or kills existing cancer cells, itmay be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic.

The term “container” means any receptacle and closure therefor suitablefor storing, shipping, dispensing, and/or handling a pharmaceuticalproduct.

The term “insert” means information accompanying a pharmaceuticalproduct that provides a description of how to administer the product,along with the safety and efficacy data required to allow the physician,pharmacist, and patient to make an informed decision regarding use ofthe product. The package insert generally is regarded as the “label” fora pharmaceutical product.

“Concurrent administration,” “administered in combination,”“simultaneous administration,” and similar phrases mean that two or moreagents are administered concurrently to the subject being treated. By“concurrently,” it is meant that each agent is administered eithersimultaneously or sequentially in any order at different points in time.However, if not administered simultaneously, it is meant that they areadministered to an individual in a sequence and sufficiently close intime so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect and can act inconcert. For example, an HDACI of structural formula (I) can beadministered at the same time or sequentially in any order at differentpoints in time as a second therapeutic agent. A present HDACI and thesecond therapeutic agent can be administered separately, in anyappropriate form and by any suitable route. When a present HDACI and thesecond therapeutic agent are not administered concurrently, it isunderstood that they can be administered in any order to a subject inneed thereof. For example, a present HDACI can be administered prior to(e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeksbefore), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks,4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) theadministration of a second therapeutic agent treatment modality (e.g.,radiotherapy), to an individual in need thereof. In various embodiments,an HDACI of structural formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent areadministered 1 minute apart, 10 minutes apart, 30 minutes apart, lessthan 1 hour apart, 1 hour apart, 1 hour to 2 hours apart, 2 hours to 3hours apart, 3 hours to 4 hours apart, 4 hours to 5 hours apart, 5 hoursto 6 hours apart, 6 hours to 7 hours apart, 7 hours to 8 hours apart, 8hours to 9 hours apart, 9 hours to 10 hours apart, 10 hours to 11 hoursapart, 11 hours to 12 hours apart, no more than 24 hours apart or nomore than 48 hours apart. In one embodiment, the components of thecombination therapies are administered at 1 minute to 24 hours apart.

The use of the terms “a”, “an”, “the”, and similar referents in thecontext of describing the invention (especially in the context of theclaims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural,unless otherwise indicated. Recitation of ranges of values herein merelyserve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separatevalue falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, andeach separate value and subrange is incorporated into the specificationas if it were individually recited herein. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as” and “like”) providedherein, is intended to better illustrate the invention and is not alimitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. Nolanguage in the specification should be construed as indicating anynon-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

In particular, the present invention is directed to HDACIs of structuralformula (I), compositions comprising a compound of structural formula(I), and therapeutic uses of compounds of structural formula (I):

wherein ring

is an aliphatic or aromatic five- or six-membered ring;

D, E, and F, independently, are selected from the group consisting ofC(R^(a))², O, S, and NR^(a);

G is selected from the group consisting of null, C(R^(a))₂, O, S,NR^(a), C(R^(a))₂—C(R^(a))₂, NR^(a)—C(R^(a))₂, NR^(a)—NR^(a),C(R^(a))₂—O, and C(R^(a))₂—S;

R⁰, independently, is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆heteroalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆ perfluoroalkyl, C₁₋₆ perfluoroalkoxy,aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkyl,C₁₋₆alkylenearyl, C₁₋₆alkyleneheteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyleneheterocycloalkyl,C₁₋₆alkylenecycloalkyl,

OR^(b), halo, N(R^(b))₂, SR^(b), SOR^(b), SO₂R^(b), CN, C(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)R^(b), C(═O)OR^(b), C₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),C₁₋₆alkyleneSR^(b), C₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b), C(═O)N(R^(b))₂,C(═O)NR^(b)C₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b), OC₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b),OC₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂, OC₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),OC₁₋₆alkyleneNR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), NR^(b)C₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂,NR^(b)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(b)C(═O)N(R^(b))₂, N(SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl)₂,NR^(b)(SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl), nitro, and SO₂N(R^(b))₂;

m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

R^(a), independently, is selected from the group consisting of null,hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkylenearyl,C₁₋₆alkyleneheteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b), C₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)R^(b),C₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)N(R^(b))₂, C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)N(R^(b))₂, C(═O)OR^(b), CN,OR^(b), halo, N(R^(b))₂, SR^(b), SOR^(b), SO₂R^(b), CF₃, OCF₃, NO₂,OC(═O)R^(b), OC₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b),C₁₋₆alkyleneOC₁₋₆alkyleneC(═O)OR^(b), C(═O)NR^(b)SO₂R^(b),C(═O)C₁₋₆alkylenearyl, C₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),C₁₋₆alkyleneSR^(b), C(═O)NR^(b)C₁₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),OC₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂, OC₂₋₆alkyleneOR^(b),OC₂₋₆alkyleneNR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), NR^(b)C₁₋₆alkyleneN(R^(b))₂,NR^(b)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(b)C(═O)N(R^(b))₂, N(SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl)₂,NR^(b)(SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl), SO₂N(R^(b))₂, and OSO₂CF₃;

R^(b), independently, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆heteroalkyl, C₁₋₆alkyleneNH₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneNH(C₁₋₆alkyl),C₁₋₆alkyleneN(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneNH(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆alkyleneOH,C₁₋₆alkyleneOC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyleneSH, C₁₋₆alkyleneSC₁₋₆alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀heterocycloalkyl;

Y is selected from the group consisting of null, C₁₋₈alkylene, R^(a)substituted C₁₋₈alkylene, NR^(b), C(═O), aryl, C(═O)aryl,C(═O)C₁₋₆alkylene, C₁₋₈alkyleneNR^(b), C₁₋₆alkylenearyleneC₁₋₆ alkylene,C₂₋₆alkenylene, C₄₋₈alkdienylene, C₁₋₆alkylenearylene,C₁₋₆alkyleneheteroarylene, R^(a) substituted C₁₋₆alkyleneheteroarylene,and C₂₋₆alkenylenearyleneC₁₋₆alkylene;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —C(═O)N(R^(c))OH,

—O(CH₂)₁₋₆C(═O)N(R^(c))OR^(b),

—N(R^(c))(CH₂)₁₋₆C(═O)N(R^(c))OR^(c),

arylC(═O)NHOH,

—N(OH)C(═O)R^(c),

heteroarylC(═O)NHOH,

—B(OR^(c))₂,

—SO₂NHR^(c),

—NHSO₂NHR^(c),

—NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkyl,

—SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl,

—P(═O)(OR^(g))₂, wherein R^(g) independently is hydrogen, methyl, orethyl,

—NH—P(═O)(OR^(g))₂,

—C(═O)R^(f) wherein R^(f) is selected from the group consisting of OH,N(R^(c))², NH(OCH₃), N(CH₃)OH, C₁₋₆alkyl, CF₃, aryl, heteroaryl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, NHSO₂CH₃, NHSO₂CF₃, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl,

—C(═O)(C(R^(c))²)₁₋₆SH,

—C(═O)C(═O)NHR^(c),

—C(═O)NHN(R^(c))₂,

—C(═O)NH(CH₂)₁₋₃N(R^(c))₂,

—SR^(d) wherein R^(d) is hydrogen or (C═O)CH₃,

—S— (C═O)C₁₋₆alkyl,

C₃₋₁₀heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with oxo (═O), thioxo (═S),or both,

aryl optionally substituted with one or more of C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(e),—NH₂, and —SH,

heteroaryl optionally substituted with —NH₂, —SH, or both,

—N(H)C(═O)SH,

—NHC(═O)NHR^(e),

—NHC(═O)CH₂R^(e),

—NHC(═O)(CH₂)₁₋₆SH,

—NHC(═O)CH₂Hal,

—NHC(═S)NHR^(e),

—NHC(═S)CH₂R^(e),

—C(═S)NHR^(e),

—C(═S)CH₂R^(e),

—NHC(═S)CH₂R^(e),

—NHC(═S)CH₂Hal, and

—(C═O)C₁₋₆alkyl;

R^(c), independently, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C═O)CH₃, C₁₋₆alkyl, CF₃, CH₂F, and aryl, or two R^(c) groups are takentogether with the carbon to which they attached to form a C₃₋₈cycloalkylgroup; and

R^(e) is NH₂ or OH;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.

The compounds of structural formula (I) inhibit HDAC and are useful inthe treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions. In particular,HDACIs of structural formula (I) are used in methods of treating adisease or condition wherein inhibition of HDAC provides a benefit, forexample, cancers, neurological diseases, neurodegenerative conditions,autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and conditions, stroke,traumatic brain injury, autism, and malaria. The methods compriseadministering a therapeutically effective amount of an HDACI ofstructural formula (I) to an individual in need thereof.

The present methods also encompass administering a second therapeuticagent to the individual in addition to an HDACI of structural formula(I). The second therapeutic agent is selected from agents, such as drugsand adjuvants, known as useful in treating the disease or conditionafflicting the individual, e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent and/orradiation known as useful in treating a particular cancer.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to straight chained and branchedsaturated hydrocarbon groups, nonlimiting examples of which includemethyl, ethyl, and straight chain and branched propyl, butyl, pentyl,hexyl, heptyl, and octyl groups containing the indicated number ofcarbon atoms. The term C_(n) means the alkyl group has “n” carbon atoms.

The term “alkylene” refers to a bidentate moiety obtained by removingtwo hydrogen atoms from an alkane. An “alkylene” is positioned betweentwo other chemical groups and serves to connect them. An example of analkylene group is —(CH₂)_(n)—. An alkyl, e.g., methyl, or alkylene,e.g., —CH₂CH₂—, group can be substituted, independently, with one ormore of halo, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, alkoxy, nitro,cyano, alkylamino, and amino groups, for example.

The term “alkenyl” is defined identically as “alkyl,” except forcontaining a carbon-carbon double bond, e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, andbutenyl. The term “alkenylene” is defined identically to “alkylene”except for containing a carbon-carbon double bond. The term“alkdienylene” is defined identically as “alkenylene” except the groupcontains two carbon-carbon double bonds, either conjugated ornon-conjugated.

The term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more, andtypically one to three, heteroatoms in the carbon chain of the alkylgroup. The heteroatoms, independently, are selected from O, S, and NR,wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, andheteroaryl. A term such as “C₁₋₆heteroalkyl” means that the groupcontains 1 to 6 carbon atoms in addition to the heteroatoms.

The term “perfluoroalkyl” is defined as an alkyl group wherein allhydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms.

As used herein, the term “halo” and “Hal” are defined as fluoro, chloro,bromo, and iodo.

The term “hydroxy” is defined as —OH.

The term “alkoxy” is defined as —OR, wherein R is alkyl. The term“perfluoroalkoxy” is defined as an alkoxy group wherein all hydrogenatoms are replaced by fluorine atoms.

The term “amino” is defined as —NR₂, wherein each R group,independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,C₁₋₃alkylenearyl, heteroaryl, or aryl, or both R groups are takentogether with the N to which they are attached to form a 4 to 8 memberedring.

The term “nitro” is defined as —NO₂.

The term “cyano” is defined as —CN.

The term “trifluoromethyl” is defined as —CF₃.

The term “trifluoromethoxy” is defined as —OCF₃.

The term “Ac” is defined as —C(═O)CH₃.

The term “tBu” is defined as tertiary butyl, i.e. —C(CH₃)₃.

The term “Boc” is defined as tert-butoxycarbonyl.

As used herein, compounds such as

is an abbreviation for

In addition, compounds such as

is an abbreviation for

As used herein, groups such as C₁₋₃alkylphenyl means a C₁₋₃alkyl groupbonded to a phenyl ring, for example,

Groups such as C₁₋₃alkylenephenyl means a phenyl group bonded to aC₁₋₃alkylene group, for example,

As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to a monocyclic aromatic group,e.g., phenyl. Unless otherwise indicated, an aryl group can beunsubstituted or substituted with one or more, and in particular one tofive, groups independently selected from, for example, halo, alkyl,alkenyl, —OCF₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NC, —OH, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, —CO₂H,—CO₂alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamide,aldehyde, heterocycloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.Exemplary aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl,chlorophenyl, methylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl,nitrophenyl, 2,4-methoxychlorophenyl, and the like.

The term “arylene” refers to a bidentate aryl group that bonds to twoother groups and serves to connect these groups, e.g.,

The term “C₁₋₄alkylenearyleneC₁₋₄alkylene” means

and serves to connect two other groups.

The term “C₁₋₆alkylenearylene” means

and serves to connect two other groups.

The term “C₂₋₆alkenylenearyleneC₁₋₄alkylene” means

and serves to connect two other groups.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic ring systemcontaining at least one nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atom in an aromaticring. Unless otherwise indicated, a heteroaryl group can beunsubstituted or substituted with one or more, and in particular one tofour, substituents selected from, for example, halo, alkyl, alkenyl,—OCF₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NC, —OH, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,phosphinate, silyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, aldehyde,heterocycloalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. Examples ofheteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thienyl, furyl,oxazolyl, thiophenyl, triazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl,pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl,pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, and triazinyl.

As used herein, the term “C₃₋₈cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic aliphaticring containing three to eight carbon atoms, either saturated orunsaturated.

As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkyl” means a monocyclic or abicyclic aliphatic ring containing 3 to 10 total atoms, either saturatedor unsaturated, of which one to five of the atoms are independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and the remaining atoms arecarbon.

In accordance with the present invention, ring

is a five-, six-, or seven-membered, aliphatic or aromatic ring. Forexample, ring -D-E-F-G- can be

In each of the above ring systems, the hydrogen of an aliphatic nitrogenatom can be replaced by C₁₋₆alkyl or aryl.

The above rings can be attached to the middle (B) ring of the tricyclicstructure in any possible orientation, for example, piperidinyl can bebonded to the B ring of the tricyclic ring system in any of thefollowing orientations:

All other -D-E-F-G- rings similarly can be oriented in variousconfigurations with respect to the center B ring of the tricyclicstructure.

Nonlimiting examples of the tricyclic moiety

include, but are not limited to, substituted and unsubstituted

Examples of preferred -D-E-F-G-rings include, but are not limited to,

In some embodiments, R^(o) substituents on the phenyl ring, if presentat all, preferably are OR^(b), halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl,—(CH₂)₁₋₄heterocycloalkyl,

or —C(═O)N(CH₂)₁₋₄N(R^(b))₂. The integer “m” typically is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, R^(a) and R^(b), independently, are C₁₋₆alkyl,halo, C₁₋₃alkylenearyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneheteroaryl,C₁₋₃alkyleneneheterocycloalkyl, C(═O)C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, BOC,C₁₋₃alkyleneC(═O)NH₂,

and C₁₋₃alkyleneC(═O)OH.

In other preferred embodiments, Y is null, —(CH₂)₁₋₆—,

optionally substituted with halo, CF₃, or CN,

In still other preferred embodiments, Z is

Additionally, salts, prodrugs, and hydrates of the present HDACIs alsoare included in the present invention and can be used in the methodsdisclosed herein. The present invention further includes all possiblestereoisomers and geometric isomers of the compounds of structuralformula (I). The present invention includes both racemic compounds andoptically active isomers. When an HDACI of structural formula (I) isdesired as a single enantiomer, it can be obtained either by resolutionof the final product or by stereospecific synthesis from eitherisomerically pure starting material or use of a chiral auxiliaryreagent, for example, see Z. Ma et al., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 8(6),pages 883-888 (1997). Resolution of the final product, an intermediate,or a starting material can be achieved by any suitable method known inthe art. Additionally, in situations where tautomers of the compounds ofstructural formula (I) are possible, the present invention is intendedto include all tautomeric forms of the compounds.

Prodrugs of compounds of structural formula (I) also are included in thepresent invention. It is well established that a prodrug approach,wherein a compound is derivatized into a form suitable for formulationand/or administration, then released as a drug in vivo, has beensuccessfully employed to transiently (e.g., bioreversibly) alter thephysicochemical properties of the compound (see, H. Bundgaard, Ed.,“Design of Prodrugs,” Elsevier, Amsterdam, (1985); R. B. Silverman, “TheOrganic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action,” Academic Press, SanDiego, chapter 8, (1992); K. M. Hillgren et al., Med. Res. Rev., 15, 83(1995)). Specific prodrugs of HDACIs are discussed in WO 2008/055068,incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.

Compounds of the present invention can contain one or more functionalgroups. The functional groups, if desired or necessary, can be modifiedto provide a prodrug. Suitable prodrugs include, for example, acidderivatives, such as amides and esters. It also is appreciated by thoseskilled in the art that N-oxides can be used as a prodrug.

Compounds of the invention can exist as salts. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of the present HDACIs often are preferred in themethods of the invention. As used herein, the term “pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts” refers to salts or zwitterionic forms of the compoundsof structural formula (I). Salts of compounds of formula (I) can beprepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds orseparately by reacting the compound with an acid having a suitablecation. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of structuralformula (I) can be acid addition salts formed with pharmaceuticallyacceptable acids. Examples of acids which can be employed to formpharmaceutically acceptable salts include inorganic acids such asnitric, boric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, andorganic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, tartaric, and citric.Nonlimiting examples of salts of compounds of the invention include, butare not limited to, the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide,sulfate, bisulfate, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate, phosphate, hydrogenphosphate, acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, bisulfate,butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerolphosphate,hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, formate, succinate, fumarate,maleate, ascorbate, isethionate, salicylate, methanesulfonate,mesitylenesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate,3-phenylproprionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, trichloroacetate,trifluoroacetate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate,paratoluenesulfonate, undecanoate, lactate, citrate, tartrate,gluconate, methanesulfonate, ethanedisulfonate, benzene sulphonate, andp-toluenesulfonate salts. In addition, available amino groups present inthe compounds of the invention can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl,propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl,dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and stearylchlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides. Inlight of the foregoing, any reference to compounds of the presentinvention appearing herein is intended to include compounds ofstructural formula (I) as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts,hydrates, or prodrugs thereof.

The compounds of structural formula (I) also can be conjugated or linkedto auxiliary moieties that promote a beneficial property of the compoundin a method of therapeutic use. Such conjugates can enhance delivery ofthe compounds to a particular anatomical site or region of interest(e.g., a tumor), enable sustained therapeutic concentrations of thecompounds in target cells, alter pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamicproperties of the compounds, and/or improve the therapeutic index orsafety profile of the compounds. Suitable auxiliary moieties include,for example, amino acids, oligopeptides, or polypeptides, e.g.,antibodies, such as monoclonal antibodies and other engineeredantibodies; and natural or synthetic ligands to receptors in targetcells or tissues. Other suitable auxiliaries include fatty acid or lipidmoieties that promote biodistribution and/or uptake of the compound bytarget cells (see, e.g., Bradley et al., Clin. Cancer Res. (2001)7:3229).

Specific compounds of the present invention include, but are not limitedto,

Three preferred structures of the invention are

The following synthetic schemes are representative of the reactions usedto synthesize compounds of structural formula (I). Modifications andalternate schemes to prepare HDACIs of the invention are readily withinthe capabilities of persons skilled in the art.

Synthetic Methods

Compounds of formula (I) can be prepared by any suitable method known inthe art, or by the following processes which form part of the presentinvention. In particular, compounds of structural formula (I) can beprepared according to the following synthetic schemes.

In the synthetic methods, the examples, and throughout thespecification, the abbreviations have the following meanings:

DMF dimethylformamide min minutes TLC thin layer chromatography CH₂Cl₂methylene chloride MeOH methanol Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate AcOH acetic acidMS mass spectrometry Na₂CO₃ sodium carbonate HPLC high performanceliquid chromatography h hours NaHCO₃ sodium bicarbonate HCl hydrochloricacid g gram mol mole mmol millimole mL milliliter H₂SO₄ sulfuric acidNaH sodium hydride TMS tetramethylsilane TFA trifluoroacetic acid KOHpotassium hydroxide NH₄Cl ammonium chloride NH₂OHCl hydroxylaminehydrochloride NaOMe sodium methoxide CD₃OD deuterated methanol M molarKOtBu potassium tert-butoxide DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide KOH potassiumhydroxide NaCNBH₃ sodium cyanoborohydroxide N normal KI potassium iodideSOCl₂ thionyl chloride CD₃CN deuterated acetonitrile ZnCl₂ zinc chlorideCuI copper iodide NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry EtOAcethyl acetate THF tetrahydrofuran NaOH sodium hydroxide PdCl₂(PPh)₃dichloro-triphenylphosphino-palladium (II) NEt₃ triethylamine CDCl₃deuterated chloroform Hz Hertz

It should be understood that protecting groups can be utilized inaccordance with general principles of synthetic organic chemistry toprovide compounds of structural formula (I). Protecting group-formingreagents are well known to persons skilled in the art, for example, seeT. W. Greene et al., “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, ThirdEdition,” John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, N.Y. (1999). These protectinggroups are removed when necessary by appropriate basic, acidic, orhydrogenolytic conditions known to persons skilled in the art.Accordingly, compounds of structural formula (I) not specificallyexemplified herein can be prepared by persons skilled in the art.

Synthetic Methods and Procedures

General Information for Synthetic Methods.

¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker spectrometer withTMS as an internal standard. Standard abbreviation indicatingmultiplicity was used as follows: s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet,q=quadruplet, m=multiplet and br=broad. ¹³C APT experiments: up —C, CH₂;down —CH, CH₃. MS experiments were performed on a Hewlett Packard Series1100MSD machine using electrospray ionization. HRMS experiment wasperformed on Q-TOF-2TM (Micromass). The progress of all reactions wasmonitored by TLC on precoated silica gel plates (Merck Silica Gel 60F254). Column chromatography was performed using Merck silica gel (40-60mesh). Column chromatography was performed using silica gel unlessotherwise indicated. Medium pressure automated column chromatography(MPCC) was performed on a Combiflash Rf machine. Solvents and reagentswere obtained from commercial sources. Solvents were anhydrous unlessotherwise noted. Tubacin was provided by Harvard University.

HPLC Methods.

Solvents: 0.05% TFA in water (solvent A); 0.05% TFA in 1:1 mixture ofwater and MeOH (solvent B); and 0.05% TFA in MeOH (solvent C). Method A:Column: Synergi 4 um (150×4.6 mm), flow rate 1.4 mL/min. Machine:Agilent 1100. Gradient: t=0 min, 100% A; t=5 min, 100% B; t=12 min, 100%C; t=16 min, 100% C; t=20 min, 40% A, 60% B; t=25 min, 40% A, 60% B.Method B: Column: Synergi 4 μm (150×4.6 mm), flow rate 1.4 mL/min.Machine: Agilent 1100. Gradient: t=0 min, 100% A; t=8 min, 100% B; t=18min, 100% C; t=21 min, 100% C; t=24 min, 80% A, 20% B; t=29 min, 80% A,20% B.

Procedures

General Procedure A: To KOH (4.8 g) stirring in methanol (20 mL) at 0°C. was added hydroxylamine hydrochloride (5.2 g) and allowed to stir atthat temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered and thefiltrate transferred to a round bottom flask. A solution of the esterstarting material in a minimal amount of methanol was added to the flaskand allowed to stir for 1 h. The reaction mixture was neutralized byaddition of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and the volume reduced by rotaryevaporation to remove methanol. The reaction mixture was transferred toa separatory funnel with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and water (30 mL). Theorganic layer was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated.

6-Carbazol-9-yl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (14): Carbazole (2.0 g, 12.0mmol) and sodium hydride (60 wt. % in mineral oil, 0.29 g, 12.0 mmol)were placed under argon and dissolved in DMF (5 mL). After stirring for30 minutes, 6-bromo-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (2.0 mL, 12.0 mmol) andpotassium iodide (10 mg) were added to the reaction. The reaction washeated to 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction was then quenched with water (30mL) followed by addition of ethyl acetate (30 mL). The organic layer wasisolated and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL).The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×20 mL), brine (15mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by columnchromatography (0-80% gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded thetitle compound (2.7 g, 73%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ8.13 (d, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.56 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.26 (m,2H), 4.34 (t, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 4.13 (q, 2H, J=7.1 H), 2.29 (t, 2H, J=7.3Hz), 1.93 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.25 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz).¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO): δ 173.1, 140.4, 126.1, 122.5, 120.7, 119.0,109.6, 60.0, 42.5, 33.8, 28.7, 26.4, 24.7, 14.5. ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺calcd. for C₂₀H₂₃NO₂, 310.1802. found, 310.1792.

6-Carbazol-9-ylhexanoic acid hydroxyamide (1): 6-Carbazol-9-ylhexanoicacid ethyl ester (14) (1.0 g, 3.2 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride(1.4 g, 19.4 mmol) were placed under argon and dissolved in 5 mL ofmethanol. To it was added a 25 wt. % sodium methoxide solution inmethanol (5.6 g, 25.9 mmol) which resulted in the formation of a whiteprecipitate. The reaction was stirred for 24 h at room temperature afterwhich the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and saturatedaqueous NaHCO₃ (20 mL). The organic layer was isolated and the aqueouslayer was further extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combinedorganic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried with anhydroussodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude extractwas purified by HPLC to yield the title compound (0.41 g, 41%) as awhite solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 10.29 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 8.15(d, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.59 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.46 (m, 2H), 7.19 (m, 2H),4.37 (t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 1.90 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.76 (m, 2H), 1.51 (m,2H), 1.30 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO): δ 169.4, 140.4, 126.1,122.4, 120.7, 119.1, 109.6, 42.6, 32.6, 28.7, 26.6, 25.3. ESI-HRMS(m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₈H₂₀N₂O₂, 297.1598. found, 297.1591.Analytical HPLC: Purity=99%, t_(R)=10.54 min, Method A.

6-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazol-9-yl)hexanoic acid ethyl ester (15): A RBflask fitted with reflux condenser containing tetrahydrocarbazole (1.71g, 10.0 mol) was dissolved in DMSO (30 mL), treated with potassiumtert-butoxide (1M solution in THF, 12 mL) and stirred at 110° C. for 20min. Ethyl 6-bromohexanoate (1.67 mL, 10.0 mmol) was added and themixture stirred at 110° C. for 60 min. The reaction was quenched with a1:1 brine:water solution (120 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate. Thecombined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated. Purification by column chromatography (25% ethyl acetatein hexane) afforded the title compound (1.01 g, 32%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.19 (m, 1H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 4.18(q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.04 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 2.78-2.73 (m, 4H), 2.33 (t,2H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.00-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.66 (m, 2H),1.42 (m, 2H), 1.30 (t, 3H, J=6.9 Hz). ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. forC₂₀H₂₇NO₂, 314.2115. found, 314.2103.

6-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazol-9-yl)hexanoic acid hydroxyamide (2):6-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-carbazol-9-yl)hexanoic acid ethyl ester (15) (200mg, 0.64 mmol) was converted to hydroxamic acid by procedure A.Purification by HPLC afforded the product (43 mg, 22%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD): δ 7.35 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.24 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.06 (t, 1H,J=7.7 Hz), 6.95 (t, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.02 (t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 2.70 (m, 4H),2.05 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.62(m, 2H), 1.33 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR APT (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.1 (up), 171.7(up), 135.2 (up), 127.3 (up), 120.5 (down), 118.5 (down), 117.8 (down),109.2 (up), 108.7 (down), 42.6 (up), 33.8 (up), 32.4 (up), 29.9 (up),26.4 (up), 25.2 (up), 23.3 (up), 22.2 (up), 21.0 (up). ESI-HRMS (m/z):[M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₈H₂₄N₂O₂, 301.1911. found, 301.1898. AnalyticalHPLC: Purity=100%, t_(R)=8.04 min, Method A.

2-Methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (16):2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (0.50 g, 2.9 mmol) and NaCNBH₃ (0.44g, 7.0 mmol) were added to a round bottomed flask, dissolved in MeOH (35mL), and treated with 3.23 mL of a 27% solution of formaldehyde inwater. This mixture was stirred for 2 h, after which, 2N HCl (50 mL) wasadded, followed by stirring for 15 min. The mixture was taken to pH=11by addition of concentrated, aqueous NaOH and extracted with methylenechloride (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine,dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The product was purified by MPCC(0-10% gradient of MeOH in CH₂Cl₂), giving the title compound (511 mg,95%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.39 (d, 1H, J=7.7Hz), 7.27 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.05 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.96 (t, 1H, J=7.7Hz), 3.68 (s, 2H), 2.86 (m, 4H), 2.53 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR APT (100 MHz,CD₃OD): δ 136.1 (up), 131.7 (up), 127.2 (up), 121.2 (down), 119.2(down), 117.9 (down), 110.8 (down), 107.8 (up), 53.0 (up), 52.1 (up),45.5 (down), 21.4 (up). ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₂H₁₄N₂,187.1230. found, 187.1233

6-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolin-9-yl)hexanoic acidhydroxyamide, trifluoroacetic acid salt (3): A round bottom flask fittedwith reflux condenser containing2-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (16) (0.20 g, 1.1 mmol), andsodium hydride (60% by wt. in mineral oil, 0.055 g, 1.35 mmol) wasvacuum purged and filled with argon, followed by addition of DMF (4 mL).After stirring at 60° C. for 20 min, ethyl 6-bromo-hexanoate (0.24 g,1.1 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 6 h. Thereaction was quenched by addition of water (30 mL), transferred to aseparatory funnel and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄)and concentrated. The product was purified by MPCC (0-10% gradient ofMeOH in CH₂Cl₂), giving 190 mg of6-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carbolin-9-yl)hexanoic acid ethylester.

6-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolin-9-yl)hexanoic acid ethyl ester(150 mg) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (190 mg, 2.74 mmol) were placedunder argon and dissolved in 1 mL of methanol. To it was added a 25 wt.% sodium methoxide solution in methanol (0.7 g, 3.2 mmol) which resultedin the formation of a white precipitate. The reaction was stirred for 24h at room temperature after which the reaction was diluted with ethylacetate (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (20 mL). The organic layerwas isolated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with ethylacetate (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine(10 mL), dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The crude extract was purified by HPLC to yield the titlecompound (49 mg) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.51 (d,1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.42 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.23 (t, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 7.10 (t,1H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.64 (br, 2H), 4.12 (m, 2H), 3.70 (br, 2H), 3.18 (m, 5H),2.07 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.80 (m, 2H), 1.63 (m, 2H), 1.35 (m, 2H). ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 136.7, 125.8, 125.7, 122.5, 119.9, 118.5, 109.6,104.8, 52.2, 50.2, 43.6, 42.3, 29.1, 25.7, 24.6, 18.2 ESI-HRMS (m/z):[M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₈H₂₅N₃O₂, 316.2020. found, 316.2015. AnalyticalHPLC: Purity=99%, t_(R)=1.58 min, Method A.

2-Methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (17): Phenylhydrazine (1.0 g, 9.3 mmols) and 1-methyl-piperidin-4-one (1.1 g, 9.3mmols) were dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (35 mL) and cooled to 0° C.Concentrated sulfuric acid (5 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction at0° C. with stirring upon which a precipitate formed. The reaction wasthen heated to 60° C. for one hour after which the precipitate was fullydissolved. The reaction was stirred for an additional hour at 60° C. Thereaction was then cooled to room temperature and the pH was adjusted toapproximately 12 by the addition of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution followed by small portions of solid sodium hydroxide. Theorganic products were extracted with chloroform (3×20 mL) and thecombined organic extracts were washed with brine (15 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄)and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (0-80%gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded the final product (1.6 g,93% yield) as a beige solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 10.80 (s, 1H),7.30 (m, 2H), 6.98 (m, 2H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.79 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.71(t, 2H, J=5.4 Hz), 2.43 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR APT (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 136.2(up), 132.0 (up), 126.0 (up), 121.0 (down), 119.1 (down), 117.4 (down),110.7 (down), 108.3 (up), 52.5 (up), 51.8 (up), 45.8 (down), 23.5 (up).ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₂H₁₄N₂, 187.1230. found, 187.1228

6-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5-yl)hexanoic acidmethyl ester (18): 2-Methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole(17) (0.50 g, 2.7 mmol) was placed under argon and dissolved in 5 mL ofanhydrous DMF. Potassium tert-butoxide (0.32 g, 2.8 mmol) was dissolvedin 3 mL of anhydrous DMF and added slowly to the reaction at roomtemperature. The reaction turned from orange to dark brown. After 15min, 6-bromohexanoic acid methyl ester (0.56 g, 2.7 mmol) and 5 mg ofpotassium iodide were added to the reaction at room temperature. Thereaction was heated to 80° C. for 2 h upon which a precipitate formedand the reaction turned from dark brown to dark orange. The reaction wasthen diluted with 30 mL of ethyl acetate and 30 mL of water. The organiclayer was isolated and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate(2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×20 mL),brine (15 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification byMPCC (0-80% gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded the titlecompound (0.35 g, 40%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 7.46(m, 2H), 7.17 (m, 1H), 7.06 (m, 1H), 4.46 (m, 2H), 4.10 (t, 2H, J=7.0Hz), 3.66 (m, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.16 (m, 2H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.28 (t,2H, J=7.4 Hz), 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.29 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, DMSO): δ 173.7, 136.7, 131.3, 124.7, 121.9, 119.7, 118.0, 110.3,101.8, 51.6, 51.0, 50.5, 42.9, 42.2, 33.6, 29.8, 26.1, 24.6, 19.8.ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₉H₂₆N₂O₂, 315.1959. found, 315.1945.

6-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5-yl)hexanoic acidhydroxyamide, trifluoroacetic acid salt (4):6-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5-yl)hexanoic acidethyl ester (18) (0.35 g, 1.1 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride(0.44 g, 6.4 mmol) were placed under argon and dissolved in 5 mL ofmethanol. To it was added a 25% sodium methoxide solution in methanol(1.84 g, 8.5 mmol) which resulted in the formation of a whiteprecipitate. The reaction was stirred for 24 h at room temperature afterwhich the reaction was diluted with 20 mL ethyl acetate and 20 mL ofsaturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was isolated and theaqueous layer was further extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄)and concentrated in vacuo. The crude extract was purified by HPLC toyield the title compound (TFA salt, 0.11 g, 23%) as a white solid. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 10.36 (s, 1H), 10.22 (s, 1H), 7.46 (m, 2H), 7.17(t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.06 (t, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 4.46 (m, 2H), 4.10 (t, 2H,J=5.9 Hz), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.16 (s, 2H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 1.92 (t, 2H, J=7.3Hz), 1.64 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.26 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO):δ 169.0, 136.3, 130.9, 124.3, 121.6, 119.4, 117.7, 109.9, 101.4, 50.6,50.2, 42.6, 41.8, 32.2, 29.5, 25.9, 24.9, 19.5. ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺calcd. for C₁₈H₂₅N₃O₂, 316.2020. found, 316.2007. Analytical HPLC:Purity=99%, t_(R)=5.32 min, Method A.

4-Carbazol-9-ylmethylbenzoic acid methyl ester (19): Carbazole (1.0 g,6.0 mmol) and sodium hydride (60 wt. % in mineral oil, 0.14 g, 6.0 mmol)were placed under argon and dissolved in 5 mL of DMF. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min, followed by addition of4-bromomethylbenzoic acid methyl ester (1.4 g, 6.0 mmol) and 5 mg ofpotassium iodide. The reaction was heated to 80° C. for 2 h upon which aprecipitate formed and the reaction turned from dark brown to darkorange. The reaction was then quenched with water (30 mL) and ethylacetate (30 mL). The organic layer was isolated and the aqueous layerextracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers werewashed with water (2×20 mL), brine (15 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (0-80%gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded the title compound (0.95g, 50%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 8.19 (d, 2H,J=7.7 Hz), 7.51 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.41 (m, 4H), 7.23 (m, 4H), 5.74 (s,2H), 3.79 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO): δ 166.4, 143.8, 129.9,127.3, 126.4, 125.9, 120.8, 119.6, 118.9, 111.4, 109.9, 52.5, 45.8.ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₂₁H₁₇NO₂, 316.1323. found, 316.1314.

4-Carbazol-9-ylmethyl-N-hydroxybenzamide (5):4-Carbazol-9-ylmethylbenzoic acid methyl ester (19) (1.0 g, 3.2 mmol)and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.3 g, 19.0 mmol) were placed underargon and dissolved in 5 mL of methanol. To it was added a 25% sodiummethoxide solution in methanol (5.48 g, 25.4 mmol) which resulted in theformation of a white precipitate. The reaction was stirred for 24 h atroom temperature after which the reaction was diluted with 20 mL ethylacetate and 20 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer wasisolated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with ethyl acetate(2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude extract was purifiedby HPLC to yield the title compound (0.41 g, 41%) as an off-white solid.¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 11.09 (s, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, 2H,J=7.8 Hz), 7.61 (m, 4H), 7.43 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.19 (m, 4H), 5.71 (s,2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO): δ 164.0, 140.2, 141.1, 132.0, 127.3,126.8, 126.0, 122.3, 120.5, 119.2, 109.5, 45.4. ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺calcd. for C₂₁H₁₇NO₂, 317.1149. found, 317.1143. Analytical HPLC:Purity=99%, t_(R)=10.69 min, Method A.

4-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5-ylmethyl)benzoicacid methyl ester (20): Potassium tert-butoxide (0.95 g, 8.5 mmol) wasplaced under argon and suspended in 1 mL of anhydrous DMF. To it wasadded 2-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (17) (1.5 g,8.1 mmol) dissolved in 3 mL of DMF upon which the reaction turned a deeporange in color. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 15 minafter which 4-bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (1.8 g, 8.1 mmol)was added in 1 mL of DMF along with approximately 5 mg of potassiumiodide. The reaction then turned a light orange in color. The reactionwas stirred at 80° C. for two hours after which the reaction wasquenched by the addition of 15 mL of water. The pH was adjusted toapproximately 12 with 2N NaOH and the organic products were extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith water (15 mL), brine (15 mL), dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by columnchromatography (0-80% gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded thetitle compound (1.7 g, 61%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ7.83 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.33 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.23 (m, 3H), 7.07 (m,1H), 6.97 (m, 1H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 4.01 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.90 (t,2H, J=5.5 Hz), 2.84 (t, 2H, J=5.3 Hz), 2.48 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,MeOD): δ 167.1, 147.5, 134.9, 130.4, 129.2, 128.1, 128.0, 127.4, 120.4,119.2, 177.7, 108.3, 108.1, 65.4, 51.0, 50.0, 40.2, 29.2, 20.3. ESI-MS(m/z): [M+H]⁺ 335.2 m/z.

N-Hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5-ylmethyl)benzamide,trifluoroacetic acid salt (6):4-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5-ylmethyl)benzoicacid methyl ester (20) (0.50 g, 1.5 mmol) and hydroxylaminehydrochloride (0.62 g, 9.0 mmol) were placed under argon and dissolvedin 5 mL of methanol. To it was added a 25% sodium methoxide solution inmethanol (2.6 g, 12 mmol) which resulted in the formation of a whiteprecipitate. The reaction was stirred for 24 h after which the reactionwas diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and saturated sodium bicarbonate(20 mL). The organic layer was isolated and the aqueous layer wasfurther extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentratedin vacuo. The crude extract was purified by HPLC to yield the titlecompound (TFA salt, 0.21 g, 31%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO): δ 11.17 (br, 1H), 10.17 (br, 1H), 9.00 (br, 1H), 7.67 (d, 2H,J=7.9 Hz), 7.48 (t, 2H, J=7.9 Hz), 7.17-7.06 (m, 4H), 5.44 (br, 2H),4.50 (br, 2H), 3.60 (br, 2H), 3.10 (m, 2H), 3.00 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR APT(100 MHz, MeOD): δ 141.5 (up), 137.0 (up), 132.3 (up), 131.7 (up), 127.7(down), 126.9 (down), 124.8 (up), 122.3 (down), 120.2 (down), 118.2(down), 110.6 (down), 102.7 (up), 51.0 (up), 50.6 (up), 46.0 (up), 42.3(down), 20.1 (up). ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₃O₂,336.1707. found, 336.1708. Analytical HPLC: Purity=100%, t_(R)=5.71 min,Method A.

4-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carbolin-9-ylmethyl)benzoic acid methylester (21): A round bottom flask fitted with reflux condenser containing2-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-b-carboline (16) (0.30 g, 1.62 mmol) andpotassium tert-butoxide (0.22 g, 1.92 mmol) was vacuum purged and filledwith argon, followed by addition of DMSO (5 mL). After stirring at 120°C. for 20 min, 4-bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (0.37 g, 1.62mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 120° C. for 3 h. Thereaction was quenched by addition of water (30 mL), transferred to aseparatory funnel and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄)and concentrated. The product was purified by MPCC (0 to 5% gradient ofMeOH in CH₂Cl₂), which gave 180 mg (33%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.95 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.54 (m, 1H, J=7.6 Hz),7.18-7.11 (m, 4H), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 5.25 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H),3.53 (s, 2H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.80 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃): δ 166.5, 141.9, 137.4, 130.4, 126.0, 122.8, 120.2, 118.6,109.4, 106.7, 52.2, 51.3, 49.7, 46.6, 45.56, 42.1, 18.5. ESI-HRMS (m/z):[M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₂, 335.1727. found, 335.1724.

N-Hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carbolin-9-ylmethyl)benzamide,trifluoroacetic acid salt (7):4-(2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carbolin-9-ylmethyl)benzoic acid methylester (21) (0.15 g, 0.45 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.19 g,2.7 mmol) were placed under argon and dissolved in 2 mL of methanol. Toit was added a 25% sodium methoxide solution in methanol (0.76 g, 3.6mmol) which resulted in immediate precipitation of a white solid. Thereaction was stirred for 24 h at room temperature after which was takenup in 20 mL ethyl acetate and 20 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate. Theorganic layer was isolated and the aqueous layer was further extractedwith ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith brine (10 mL), dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude extract was purified by HPLC to yieldthe title compound (TFA salt, 28 mg, 14%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, MeOD): δ 7.70 (d, 2H, J=6.63 Hz), 7.58 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 7.38 (d,1H, J=8.17 Hz), 7.22 (t, 1H, J=6.97 Hz), 7.13 (m, 3H), 5.46 (s, 2H),4.49 (m, 2H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.20 (t, 2H, J=6.48 Hz), 3.09 (s, 3H). ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, DMSO): δ 206.7, 158.6, 141.2, 137.2, 132.4, 127.8, 127.0,126.0, 122.7, 120.1, 118.89, 110.6, 106.0, 51.6, 49.5, 46.2, 42.5, 18.7.ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M−H]⁻ calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₃O₂, 334.1561. found, 334.1535.Analytical HPLC: Purity=98%, t_(R)=8.07 min, Method B.

3-Carbazol-9-yl-propionic acid methyl ester (22): Carbazole (1.0 g, 5.98mmol) and sodium hydride (60 wt. % in mineral oil, 0.36 g, 8.97 mmol)were placed under argon, dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and stirred for 20 minat 60° C. This was followed by addition of 6-bromo-propanoic acid methylester (0.65 mL, 5.98 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 4 h.The reaction was then diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL) and water (30mL). The organic layer was isolated and the aqueous layer extracted withethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed withbrine (3×30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. Purificationby MPCC (0-20% gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded the titlecompound (735 mg, 49%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.12 (d, 2H, J=7.8Hz), 7.49 (m, 4H), 7.27 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 4.68 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 3.67(s, 3H), 2.89 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.8,140.0, 125.8, 123.1, 120.4, 119.2, 108.6, 51.9, 38.7, 33.3. ESI-HRMS(m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₆H₁₅NO₂, 253.1103. found, 254.1154.

3-Carbazol-9-yl-N-hydroxy-propionamide (8): 3-Carbazol-9-yl-propionicacid methyl ester (22) (0.50 g, 1.97 mmol) and hydroxylaminehydrochloride (0.82 g, 12 mmol) were placed under argon and dissolved inDMF (8 mL). To it was added a 25% sodium methoxide solution in methanol(3.4 g, 16 mmol) which resulted in immediate precipitation of a whitesolid. The reaction was stirred for 24 h at room temperature after whichwas taken up in ethyl acetate (20 mL), water (10 mL) and of saturatedaqueous NaHCO₃ (10 mL). The organic layer was isolated and the aqueouslayer was further extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The combinedorganic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude extract was purified by HPLC to yieldthe title compound (234 mg, 47%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO): δ 10.46 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.60 (d,2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.45 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.20 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 4.61 (t,2H, J=6.8 Hz), 2.48 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 169.2, 140.2,126.2, 122.6, 120.6, 119.3, 109.8, 39.3, 32.3. ESI-MS (m/z): [M+H]⁺254.1. Analytical HPLC: Purity=97%, t_(R)=5.62 min, Method A.

5-Carbazol-9-ylpentanoic acid methyl ester (23): To a round bottom flaskfitted with reflux condenser containing carbazole (1.00 g, 5.98 mmol)and sodium hydride (60 wt. % in mineral oil, 0.29 g, 7.18 mmol), wasadded DMF (22 mL). After stirring at 50° C. for 20 min, ethyl5-bromopentanoate (0.95 mL, 5.98 mmol) was added and the mixture stirredat 80° C. overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of 5% aqueousNH₄Cl (100 mL), transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted withethyl acetate (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were washed withbrine (2×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. Purification by MPCC(0-40% gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded the title compound(0.87 g, 49%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.14 (d, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.51(t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.43 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.27 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 4.35(t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.13 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 2.35 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz),1.98-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.25 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz). ¹³C NMRAPT (100 MHz, CHCl₃): δ 173.2 (up), 140.3 (up), 125.6 (down), 122.89(up), 120.4 (down), 118.9 (down), 108.6 (down), 60.4 (up), 42.7 (up),33.9 (up), 28.4 (up), 22.7 (up), 14.2 (down). ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺calcd. for C₁₉H₂₁NO₂, 296.1645. found, 296.1650.

5-Carbazol-9-yl-pentanoic acid hydroxyamide (9):5-Carbazol-9-ylpentanoic acid methyl ester (23) (110 mg, 0.37 mmol) wasconverted to hydroxamic acid by procedure A. Purification by HPLCafforded the title product (26 mg, 25%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ 8.07(d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.49 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.43 (t, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.20(t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 4.40 (t, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 2.09 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.88(m, 2H), 1.68 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR APT (100 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 140.3 (up), 125.3(down), 122.7 (up), 119.7 (down), 118.4 (down), 108.5 (down), 41.9 (up),32.1 (up), 28.1 (up), 23.1 (up). ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. forC₁₇H₁₈N₂O₂, 283.1441. found, 283.1448. Analytical HPLC: Purity=99%,t_(R)=5.65 min, Method A.

7-Carbazol-9-ylheptanoic acid ethyl ester (24): A RB flask fitted withreflux condenser containing carbazole (0.60 g, 3.59 mmol) and sodiumhydride (60 wt. % in mineral oil, 0.22 g, 5.38 mmol) was vacuum purgedand filled with argon, followed by addition of DMF (16 mL). Afterstirring at 50° C. for 20 min, ethyl 7-bromo-heptanoate (0.85 g, 3.59mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at 80° C. overnight. Thereaction was quenched by addition of 5% aqueous NH₄Cl (75 mL),transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with ethyl acetate(3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 L),dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. Purification by MPCC (0-50% gradient ofethyl acetate in hexane) afforded the title compound (0.77 g, 66%). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.15 (d, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.52 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz),7.44 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.28 (t, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 4.32 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz),4.16 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 2.30 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m,2H), 1.41 (m, 4H), 1.30 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR APT (100 MHz, CDCl₃):173.7 (up), 140.5 (up), 125.6 (down), 122.9 (up), 120.4 (down), 118.8(down), 108.7 (down), 60.3 (up), 43.0 (up), 34.3 (up), 28.9 (up), 27.0(up), 24.8 (up), 14.3 (down). ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. forC₂₁H₂₅NO₂, 324.1958. found, 324.1957

7-Carbazol-9-ylheptanoic acid hydroxyamide (10):7-Carbazol-9-ylheptanoic acid ethyl ester (24) (0.25 g, 0.77 mmol) wasconverted to hydroxamic acid by procedure A. Purification by HPLC gavethe title compound (31 mg, 13%) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,MeOD): δ 7.97 (d, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.41-7.32 (m, 4H), 7.09 (t, 2H, J=7.1Hz), 4.28 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 1.91 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.47(m, 2H), 1.34-1.19 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR APT (100 MHz, MeOD): δ 171.5 (up),140.3 (up), 125.2 (down), 122.6 (up), 119.6 (down), 118.3 (down), 108.5(down), 42.1 (up), 32.2 (up), 28.5 (up), 26.4 (up), 25.2 (up). ESI-MS(m/z): [M+Na]⁺ 333.2. Analytical HPLC: Purity=99%, t_(R)=16.17 min,Method B.

(4-Carbazol-9-ylmethyl-phenyl)acetic acid methyl ester (25): Carbazole(1.0 g, 6.0 mmol) and sodium hydride (60 wt. % in mineral oil, 0.14 g,6.0 mmol) were placed under argon and dissolved in DMF (5 mL). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, followed bytreatment with (4-bromomethylphenyl)acetic acid methyl ester (1.5 g, 6.0mmol) and 5 mg of potassium iodide. The reaction was heated to 80° C.for 2 h. The reaction was then diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL) andwater (30 mL). The organic layer was isolated and the aqueous layerextracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers werewashed with water (2×20 mL), brine (15 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (0-80%gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane) afforded the title compound (0.71g, 36%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.20 (d, 2H, J=7.7Hz), 7.49 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.17 (d, 2H,J=8.1 Hz), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 5.52 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s,2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.6, 140.3, 135.7, 132.8, 129.3,126.5, 125.5, 122.8, 120.1, 118.9, 108.5, 51.7, 45.9, 40.4. ESI-HRMS(m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₂₂H₁₉NO₂, 330.1489. found, 330.1494.

2-(4-Carbazol-9-ylmethylphenyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide (11):(4-Carbazol-9-ylmethylphenyl)acetic acid methyl ester (25) (0.25 g, 0.8mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.32 g, 4.6 mmol) were placedunder argon and dissolved in 5 mL of methanol. To it was added a 25%sodium methoxide solution in methanol (1.33 g, 6.2 mmol) which resultedin the formation of a white precipitate. The reaction was stirred for 24h at room temperature after which the reaction was diluted with ethylacetate (20 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL). Theorganic layer was isolated and the aqueous layer was further extractedwith ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The crudeextract was purified by HPLC to yield the title compound (100 mg, 40%)as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 10.57 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H),8.17 (d, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.61 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.42 (t, 2H, J=7.5 Hz),7.20 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 7.11 (m, 4H), 5.62 (s, 2H), 3.18 (s, 2H). ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 168.9, 140.2, 136.1, 133.8, 128.5, 126.0, 125.0,122.5, 119.3, 118.4, 108.3, 45.0, 38.4. ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd.for C₂₁H₁₈N₂O₂, 331.1441. found, 331.1445. Analytical HPLC: Purity=99%,t_(R)=6.82 min, Method A.

4-(2-Bromo-ethyl)benzoic acid methyl ester (26):4-(2-Bromo-ethyl)-benzoic acid (1.00 g, 4.37 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH(10 mL) and cooled to 0° C. This was followed by dropwise addition ofthionyl chloride (0.48 mL, 6.55 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 2 h,followed by removal of all volatiles by rotary evaporation. Theresulting oil was taken up in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with water (50mL). The EtOAc portion was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated togive the product (1.04 g, 98%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 8.00 (d, 2H, J=6.54 Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.59(t, 2H, J=7.38 Hz), 3.23 (t, 2H, J=7.34 Hz).

4-(2-Carbazol-9-yl-ethyl)benzoic acid methyl ester (27): Carbazole (0.50g, 2.99 mmol) and sodium hydride (60 wt. % in mineral oil, 0.14 g, 3.59mmol) were placed under argon and dissolved in 6 mL of anhydrous DMF atroom temperature, giving a dark brown solution. Following the evolutionof hydrogen gas, 4-(2-bromo-ethyl)benzoic acid methyl ester (26) (0.73g, 2.99 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at70° C. for 2 h. The mixture was taken up in ethyl acetate (30 mL) andwater (30 mL), the organic layer was separated and the aqueous layerextracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers werewashed with brine (2×25 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo.The residue was purified by MPCC(C₁₈, 10-100% gradient of MeOH in H₂O).The product co-eluted with unreacted carbazole. Cold MeOH (8 mL) wasadded to the product mixture and the suspension was filtered to removethe solid carbazole. The filtrate was concentrated to give the titlecompound (291 mg, 43%) as a red solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.11(m, 2H), 7.92 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.25 (m,4H), 4.55 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.20 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz). ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 167.0, 144.1, 140.1, 123.0, 128.9, 125.8, 122.9,120.4, 119.4, 110.6, 108.4, 52.1, 44.4, 35.2. ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M+H]⁺calcd. for C₂₂H₁₉NO₂, 330.1489. found, 330.1460.

4-(2-Carbazol-9-yl-ethyl)-N-hydroxy-benzamide (12):4-(2-Carbazol-9-ylethyl)benzoic acid methyl ester (27) (0.15 g, 0.46mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.19 g, 2.7 mmol) were placedunder argon and dissolved in DMF (3 mL). To this was added a 25% sodiummethoxide solution in methanol (0.79 g, 3.6 mmol) which resulted inimmediate precipitation of a white solid. The reaction was stirred for24 h at room temperature after which it was taken up in 20 mL ethylacetate and 20 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer wasisolated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with ethyl acetate(2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude extract was purifiedby HPLC to yield the title compound (10 mg, 7%) as an off-white solid.¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 11.14 (br, 1H), 8.14 (d, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.62(m, 4H), 7.40 (m, 4H), 7.18 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 4.62 (t, 2H, J=7.0 Hz),3.11 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO): δ 140.2, 129.4, 127.3,126.1, 122.5, 120.7, 119.2, 109.7, 44.1, 34.7. ESI-HRMS (m/z): [M−H]⁻calcd. for C₂₁H₁₈N₂O₂, 329.1298. found, 329.1273. Analytical HPLC:Purity=100%, t_(R)=9.13 min, Method B.

Carbazole-9-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide (13): An argon filled RB flaskcontaining carbazole (0.500 g, 2.99 mmol) at 0° C. was treated withdichloromethane (12.5 mL) and triethylamine (2.5 mL), followed by slowaddition of ethyl chloroformate (0.59 mL, 5.98 mmol). The mixture wasstirred at ambient temperature for 16 h, poured into 25 mL of 2N HCl,and extracted with chloroform. The organic portion was washed withsaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. Thecrude product was treated with methanol (4 mL) and filtered. Thefiltrate was concentrated to give carbazole-9-carboxylic acid ethylester (169 mg). Carbazole-9-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (95 mg, 0.39mmol) was converted to hydroxamic acid by procedure A. Purification byHPLC gave the title compound (19 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃CN): δ 9.43(br, 1H), 8.08 (d, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.50 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.43 (t, 2H,J=7.1 Hz), 7.22 (t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz). ¹³C NMR APT (100 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 125.8(down), 120.3 (down), 119.4 (down), 110.6 (down). ESI-MS (m/z):[M+Na]⁺249.6. Analytical HPLC: Purity=99%, t_(R)=8.51 min, Method A.

General Procedure B:

General Procedure C:

Synthetic Details

4-Carbazol-9-ylmethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (28)

Carbazole (0.80 g, 4.80 mmol) and sodium hydride (NaH) (60% in mineraloil, 0.25 g, 6.2 mmol) were added to a flask, which was charged withargon. DMF (dimethylformamide) (12 mL) was added and the mixture wasstirred at 60° C. for 1 hour (h), after which 4-bromomethyl benzoic acidmethyl ester (1.16 g, 4.8 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirredat 80° C. overnight. Water was added and the product was extracted withCH₂Cl₂ (dichloromethane), dried (Na₂SO₄, sodium sulfate) andconcentrated. The product was purified by column chromatography to give310 mg of compound 28 as a white solid.

4-Carbazol-9-ylmethyl-N-hydroxy-benzamide (29)

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) (85%, 5.2 g) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride(NH₂OH.HCl) (4.8 g) were dissolved in 30 mL methanol (MeOH) and stirredat 0° C. for 15 minutes (min), after which the solid was filtered offand the filtrate was added to 4-carbazol-9-ylmethyl-benzoic acid ethylester (28) (125 mg) and stirred for 30 min. The solvent was evaporatedand the residue was treated with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂, dried(Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The product was purified by HPLC to give 38mg of compound 2 as a light brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ8.03(d, 2H), 7.52 (d, 2H), 7.30 m, 4H), 7.11 (m, 4H), 5.55 (s, 2H) 1.93 (s,1H). ESI-MS: m/z [M+Na]⁺: 339.1

6-Bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole (30)

Cyclohexanone (1.16 mL, 11.2 mmol) and 4-bromo-phenylhydrazinehydrochloride (2.50 g, 11.2 mmol) were refluxed in cyclohexanone (18 mL)and acetic acid (AcOH) (12 L) for 24 h. The reaction mixture was treatedwith saturated sodium bicarbonate (Na₂CO₃) and extracted with ethylacetate, dried (Na₂CO₃) and concentrated. The product was purified bycolumn chromatography, giving 479 mg of compound 30 as a solid.

6-(6-Bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-carbazol-9-yl)-hexanoic acid ethyl ester(31)

Compound 31 was prepared from 6-bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole(30) (1.50 g, 6.00 mmol) and ethyl 6-bromohexanoate (1.34 g, 6.00 mmol)using the procedure described above for compound 28 as a solid (1.453g).

6-[6-(4-Dimethylamino-phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-carbazol-9-yl]-hexanoicacid ethyl ester (32)

4-Dimethylamino boronic acid (0.221 g, 1.34 mmol), tetrabutylammoniumbromide (TBAB) (0.049 g, 1.25 mmol), palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂ (0.017g, 0.08 mmol), triorthotoluene phosphine (P(o-toluene)₃ (0.035 g, 0.12mmol), and 6-(6-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-carbazol-9-yl)-hexanoic acidethyl ester (compound 4) (0.300 g, 0.76 mmol) were added to a flask,dissolved in toluene (3 mL), ethanol (2 mL), and 2M Na₂CO₃ (1 mL), andstirred overnight at 70° C. Compound 32 was purified by columnchromatography to give 310 mg of the product as a solid.

6-[6-(4-Dimethylamino-phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-carbazol-9-yl]-hexanoicacid hydroxyamide (33)

Compound 33 was prepared from6-(6-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-carbazol-9-yl)-hexanoic acid ethyl ester(compound 32) using the procedure described above for compound 29 as awhite solid (85%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ 7.86 (d, 2H), 7.65 (m, 3H),7.33 (s, 2H), 4.09 (t, 2H), 2.76 (m, 4H), 2.16 (s, 1H), 2.08 (t, 2H),1.98 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.38 (m, 2H).

The effectiveness, or potency, of an HDACI of structural formula (I)with respect to inhibiting the activity of an HDAC is measured by anIC₅₀ value. The quantitative IC₅₀ value indicates the concentration of aparticular compound that is needed to inhibit the activity of an enzymeby 50% in vitro. Stated alternatively, the IC₅₀ value is the halfmaximal (50%) inhibitory concentration of a compound tested using aspecific enzyme, e.g., HDAC, of interest. The smaller the IC₅₀ value,the more potent the inhibiting action of the compound because a lowerconcentration of the compound is needed to inhibit enzyme activity by50%.

In preferred embodiments, a present HDACI inhibits HDAC enzymaticactivity by about at least 50%, preferably at least about 75%, at least90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%.

Compounds of the present invention were tested for IC₅₀ values againstboth HDAC6 and HDAC1. In some embodiments, a present compound also wastested against HDAC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, and 11. The tested compoundsshowed a range of IC₅₀ values vs. HDAC6 of about 1 nm to greater than 30μm, and a range of IC₅₀ value vs. HDAC1 of about 91 nm to greater than30 μm. Therefore, in some embodiments, an HDAC of structural formula (I)is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor which, because of a low affinity forother HDAC isozymes, e.g., HDAC1, give rise to fewer side effects thancompounds that are non-selective HDAC inhibitors.

In some embodiments, the present HDACIs interact with and reduce theactivity of all histone deacetylases in a cell. In some preferredembodiments, the present HDACIs interact with and reduce the activity offewer than all histone deacetylases in the cell. In certain preferredembodiments, the present HDACIs interact with and reduce the activity ofone histone deacetylase (e.g., HDAC-6), but do not substantiallyinteract with or reduce the activities of other histone deacetylases(e.g., HDAC-1, HDAC-2, HDAC-3, HDAC-4, HDAC-5, HDAC-7, HDAC-8, HDAC-9,HDAC-10, and HDAC-11).

The present invention therefore provides HDACIs of structural formula(I) for the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions whereininhibition of HDAC has a beneficial effect. Preferably, a compound ofstructural formula (I) is selective for HDAC6 over the other HDACisozymes by a factor of at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 500, at least 1000, at least2000, at least 3000, and preferably up to about 4000. For example, invarious embodiments, an HDACI of structural formula (I) exhibits an IC₅₀value versus HDAC6 that is about 350 or about 1000 times less than theIC₅₀ value vs. HDAC1, i.e., a selectivity ratio (HDAC1 IC₅₀/HDAC6 IC₅₀)of about 350 or about 1000.

Other assays also showed a selectivity of a present compound for HDAC6over HDAC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, and 11 of about 1000.

The IC₅₀ values for compounds of structural formula (I) vs. HDAC 1 andHDAC6 were determined as follows:

The HDAC1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 assays used isolatedrecombinant human protein; HDAC3/NcoR2 complex was used for the HDAC3assay. Substrate for HDAC1, 2, 3, 6, 10, and 11 assays is a fluorogenicpeptide from p53 residues 379-382 (RHKKAc); substrate for HDAC8 isfluorogenic diacyl peptide based on residues 379-382 of p53(RHK_(Ac)K_(Ac)). Acetyl-Lys(trifluoroacetyl)-AMC substrate was used forHDAC4, 5, 7, and 9 assays. Compounds were dissolved in DMSO and testedin 10-dose IC₅₀ mode with 3-fold serial dilution starting at 30 μM.Control Compound Trichostatin A (TSA) was tested in a 10-dose IC₅₀ with3-fold serial dilution starting at 5 IC₅₀ values were extracted bycurve-fitting the dose/response slopes. Assays were performed induplicate and IC₅₀ values are an average of data from both experiments.

Materials

Human HDAC1 (GenBank Accession No. NM_(—)004964): Full length withC-terminal GST tag, MW=79.9 kDa, expressed by baculovirus expressionsystem in Sf9 cells. Enzyme is in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 138 mM NaCl,20 mM glutathione, and 10% glycerol, and stable for >6 months at −80° C.Purity is >10% by SDS-PAGE. Specific Activity is 20 U/μg, where one U=1pmol/min under assay condition of 25 mM Tris/Cl, pH8.0, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 100 μM HDAC substrate, and 13.2 ng/μlHDAC1, incubation for 30 mM at 30° C.

Human HDAC6 (GenBank Accession No. BC069243): Full length withN-terminal GST tag, MW=159 kDa, expressed by baculovirus expressionsystem in Sf9 cells. Enzyme is in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 138 mM NaCl,20 mM glutathione, and 10% glycerol, and stable for >6 months at −80° C.Purity is >90% by SDS-PAGE. Specific Activity is 50 U/μg, where one U=1pmol/min under assay condition of 25 mM Tris/Cl, pH8.0, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 30 μM HDAC substrate, and 5 ng/μlHDAC6, incubation for 60 min at 30° C.

Substrate for HDAC1 and HDAC6: Acetylated peptide substrate for HDAC,based on residues 379-382 of p53 (Arg-His-Lys-Lys(Ac)), a site ofregulatory acetylation by the p300 and CBP acetyltransferases (lysines381, 382) 1-6, is the best for HDAC from among a panel of substratespatterned on p53, histone H3 and histone H4 acetylation sites7.

References: W. Gu et al., Cell (1997) 90 595; K. Sakaguchi et al., GenesDev., (1998) 12 2831; L. Liu et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., (1999) 19 1202;A. Ito et al., EMBO J., (2001) 20 1331; N. A. Barley et al., Mol. Cell,(2001) 8 1243; and A. Ito et al., EMBO J., (2002) 21 6236.

Reaction Buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1 mMMgCl₂, 1 mg/ml BSA.

Assay Conditions

HDAC1: 75 nM HDAC1 and 50 μM HDAC substrate are in the reaction bufferand 1% DMSO final. Incubate for 2 hours at 30° C.

HDAC6: 12.6 nM HDAC6 and 50 μM HDAC substrate are in the reaction bufferand 1% DMSO final. Incubate for 2 hours at 30° C.

IC₅₀ Calculations

All IC₅₀ values are automatically calculated using the GraphPad Prismversion 5 and Equation of Sigmoidal dose-response (variable slope):

Y=Bottom+(Top-Bottom)/(1+10^((LogEC50-X)*HillSlope)), where X is thelogarithm of concentration, Y is the response, Y starts at Bottom andgoes to Top with a sigmoid shape. In most cases, “Bottom” is set 0, and“Top” is set “less than 120%”. This is identical to the “four parameterlogistic equation”. IC₅₀ curves also are drawn using the GraphPad Prism,and IC₅₀ values and Hill slopes are provided.

HDAC Activity Assays: HDAC assay is performed usingfluorescently-labeled acetylated substrate, which comprises anacetylated lysine side chain. After incubation with HDAC, deacetylationof the substrate sensitizes the substrate such that, in a second step,treatment with the detection enzyme produces a fluorophore. HDACs 1 and6 were expressed as full length fusion proteins. Purified proteins wereincubated with 50 μM fluorescently-labeled acetylated peptide substrateand test compound for 2 hours at room temperature in HDAC assay buffercontaining 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂,1% DMSO, and 1% BSA.

Reactions were terminated by the addition of the Developer after 2hours, and the development of fluorescence signal, which was relative tothe amount of deacetylated peptide, was monitored by time-coursemeasurement of EnVision (PerkinElmer). The HDAC activity was estimatedfrom the slope of time-course measurement of the fluorescence intensity.The slope of no-enzyme control (substrate alone) was served asbackground, and % Enzyme activity was calculated usingbackground-subtracted slope of no inhibitor control (DMSO) as 100%activity.

To date, HDACIs have demonstrated a relatively non-specific inhibitionof various HDAC isozymes. Most HDACI so far identified primarily inhibitHDAC 1, 2, 3, and 8, producing an antiproliferative phenotype which isuseful for oncology applications, but not for the many non-oncologyapplications of HDACIs. (K. B. Glaser et al, Biochemical and biophysicalresearch communications 2003, 310, 529-36.) The potential toxicitiesassociated with the inhibition of certain HDAC isozymes can lead toadditional difficulties for the clinical development of pan-HDAC, i.e.,nonselective HDAC, inhibitors. Because the network of cellular effectsmediated by acetylation is so vast and because inhibition of some HDACisozymes may lead to undesirable side effects, HDAC isozyme selectiveinhibitors hold a greater therapeutic promise than their nonselectivecounterparts.

As illustrated below, many HDACIs of the present invention exhibitselective inhibition of HDAC6 compared to other HDAC isozymes.

TABLE 1 HDAC inhibition data for compounds 1-7 and comparative HDACinhibitors.

HDAC1 IC₅₀ HDAC6 IC₅₀ R = (μM) ± SD (μM) ± SD 1

14.0 ± 4.8 0.062 ± 0.004 2

 8.6 ± 3.7 0.090 ± 0.019 3

>30 0.550 ± 0.002 4

25.2 ± 3.3 0.213 ± 0.044 5

10.9 ± 3.4 0.019 ± 0.001 6

13.8 ± 2.6 0.014 ± 0.001 7

 5.18 ± 0.12 0.0014 ± 0.0003 TSA N/A  4.74 ± 1.26 1.21 ± 0.49 TubacinN/A  1.40 ± 0.24 0.004 ± 0.001 ISOX N/A  0.071 ± 0.059 0.0024 ± 0.0021

Data are shown as IC₅₀ values in μM±standard deviation. Values are themean of two experiments, except TSA, which is a mean of 9 experiments.Compounds were tested in duplicate in a 10-dose IC₅₀ mode with 3-foldserial dilution starting from 30 μM solutions. IC₅₀ values wereextracted by curve-fitting the dose/response slopes. TSA was used as aninternal standard.

Assays values are an average of two experiments. ISOX was previouslyfound to have a low picomolar IC₅₀ at HDAC6. When ISOX was tested inthese assays, an HDAC6 IC₅₀ value of 2.4 nM was observed. Afterinvestigating the source of this discrepancy, it was found that lack ofa detergent (Triton X100) in the original assay caused the anomalouslyhigh activity.

Compound 6 demonstrates excellent HDAC6 potency and selectivity, with anIC₅₀ of 14 nM at HDAC6 and an about 1000-fold selectivity against HDAC1.Compound 7 demonstrated even greater potency and selectivity, with anIC₅₀ of 1.4 nM at HDAC6 and 3700-fold selectivity against HDAC 1.Compounds 5-7 exhibited greatly enhanced activity and selectivitycompared to compounds 1-4. It is theorized, but not relied upon, thatthe tolyl linker imparts a bent conformation which forces tighterinteractions between the tricycle and the catalytic channel rim, givinga greater response to structural changes made to the tricycle. It isfurther theorized, but not relied upon, that the enhanced selectivity ofthe carboline derivatives also may result from the presence of theN-methyl group because this substituent further expands the dimensionsof the cap group, thus further favoring interactions with HDAC6.

The present HDACIs were compared to other compounds reported to behighly selective for HDAC6. Tubacin was found to potently inhibit HDAC6,with an IC₅₀ value of 4 nM and 350-fold selectivity over HDAC1.Compounds 6 and 7 are far more selective for HDAC6 than any othercompounds reported in literature. Compounds 6 and 7 also possessproperties making them useful drug products, e.g., ClogP=2.41 (KOWWIN)and tPSA=57 for both compounds 6 and 7; AlogPs water solubility=45.2mg/l for compound 6 and 43.7 g/l for compound 7. The tertiary aminegroup of the compounds can be used to form pharmaceutically usefulsalts, thus facilitating compound solubilization. Furthermore, theirfacile, three-step syntheses allow easy scale-up for in vivo studies.

Compound 6 was profiled against all 11 HDAC isozymes to investigate itsability to induce α-tubulin acetylation in cells, as well as to profileits neuroprotective action in a cell model of oxidative stress. Tubacinalso was tested at all 11 HDAC isoforms (Table 2). Compound 6 wassubstantially more selective than Tubacin at all isozymes, except HDAC8,and maintained over 1000-fold selectivity against all isoforms excludingHDAC8, where it displayed 58-fold selectivity. The moderate activity ofcompound 6 at HDAC8 may be the product of a known conformational changethat occurs upon binding to HDAC8, which dilates the catalytic pocket,to better accommodate the bulky tricyclic group. (J. R. Somoza et al.,Structure 2004, 12, 1325-34.)

TABLE 2 Enzyme inhibition data for Tubacin and Compound 6 at all 11 HDACisozymes. Tubacin Compound 6 IC₅₀ (μM) ± SD IC₅₀ (μM) ± SD HDAC1 1.40 ±0.24 13.8 ± 2.6 HDAC2 6.27 ± 0.29 >30 HDAC3 1.27 ± 0.16 >30 HDAC4 17.3 ±2.1  >30 HDAC5 3.35 ± 0.03 >30 HDAC6 0.004 ± 0.001 0.014 ± 0.001 HDAC79.7 ± 1.8 >30 HDAC8 1.27 ± 0.16 0.814 ± 0.040 HDAC9 4.31 ± 0.34 >30HDAC10 3.71 ± 0.16 >30 HDAC11 3.79 ± 0.10 >30

Values are the mean of two experiments. Data are shown as IC₅₀ values inμM±standard deviation. Compounds were tested in duplicate in 10-doseIC₅₀ mode with 3-fold serial dilution starting from 30 μM solutions.IC₅₀ values were extracted by curve-fitting the dose/response slopes.

The following table provides additional information showing the potencyand selectivity of HDACIs 8-13 vs. HDAC1 and HDAC6.

HDAC1 IC₅₀ (μM) ± SD HDAC6 IC₅₀ (μM) ± SD  8 (CH2)₂CONHOH >30 1.59 ±0.08  9 (CH2)₄CONHOH 12.8 ± 0.7  2.63 ± 0.04 10 (CH2)₆CONHOH 0.204 ±0.087 0.006 ± 0.002 11

>30 0.301 ± 0.009 12

>30 0.180 ± 0.018 13 CONHOH >30 >30

Values are the means of two experiments. Data is shown as IC₅₀ values inμM±standard deviation. Compounds were tested in duplicate in 10-doseIC₅₀ mode with 3-fold serial dilution starting from 30 μM solutions.IC₅₀ values were extracted by curve-fitting the dose/response slopes.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of treatingan individual suffering from a disease or condition wherein inhibitionof HDACs provides a benefit comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of structural formula (I) to anindividual in need thereof.

The methods described herein relate to the use of an HDACI of structuralformula (I) and an optional second therapeutic agent useful in thetreatment of diseases and conditions wherein inhibition of HDAC providesa benefit. The methods of the present invention can be accomplished byadministering an HDACI of structural formula (I) as the neat compound oras a pharmaceutical composition. Administration of a pharmaceuticalcomposition, or neat HDACI of structural formula (I), can be performedduring or after the onset of the disease or condition of interest.Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions are sterile, and contain notoxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic compounds that would cause an adversereaction when administered.

In many embodiments, an HDACI of structural formula (I) is administeredin conjunction with a second therapeutic agent useful in the treatmentof a disease or condition wherein inhibition of HDAC provides a benefit.The second therapeutic agent is different from the HDACI of structuralformula (I). An HDACI of structural formula (I) and the secondtherapeutic agent can be administered simultaneously or sequentially. Inaddition, an HDACI of structural formula (I) and second therapeuticagent can be administered from a single composition or two separatecompositions. An HDACI of structural formula (I) and the secondtherapeutic agent can be administered simultaneously or sequentially toachieve the desired effect.

The second therapeutic agent is administered in an amount to provide itsdesired therapeutic effect. The effective dosage range for each secondtherapeutic agent is known in the art, and the second therapeutic agentis administered to an individual in need thereof within such establishedranges.

The present invention therefore is directed to compositions and methodsof treating diseases or conditions wherein inhibition of HDAC provides abenefit. The present invention also is directed to pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising an HDACI of structural formula (I) and anoptional second therapeutic agent useful in the treatment of diseasesand conditions wherein inhibition of HDAC provides a benefit. Furtherprovided are kits comprising an HDACI of structural formula (I) and,optionally, a second therapeutic agent useful in the treatment ofdiseases and conditions wherein inhibition of HDAC provides a benefit,packaged separately or together, and an insert having instructions forusing these active agents.

An HDACI of structural formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent canbe administered together as a single-unit dose or separately asmulti-unit doses, wherein the an HDACI of structural formula (I) isadministered before the second therapeutic agent or vice versa. One ormore dose of an HDACI of structural formula (I) and/or one or more doseof the second therapeutic agent can be administered. The HDACIs ofstructural formula (I) therefore can be used in conjunction with one ormore second therapeutic agents, for example, but not limited to,anticancer agents.

Within the meaning of the present invention, the term “disease” or“condition” denotes disturbances and/or anomalies that as a rule areregarded as being pathological conditions or functions, and that canmanifest themselves in the form of particular signs, symptoms, and/ormalfunctions. As demonstrated below, an HDACI of structural formula (I)is a potent inhibitor of HDAC and can be used in treating diseases andconditions wherein inhibition of HDAC provides a benefit, for example,cancer, a neurological disease, a neurodegenerative condition, traumaticbrain injury, stroke, an inflammation, an autoimmune disease, autism,and malaria.

In one preferred embodiment, the present invention provides methods fortreating cancer, including but not limited to killing a cancer cell orneoplastic cell; inhibiting the growth of a cancer cell or neoplasticcell; inhibiting the replication of a cancer cell or neoplastic cell; orameliorating a symptom thereof, said methods comprising administering toa subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an HDACIof structural formula (I).

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating cancercomprising administering to a subject in need thereof an amount of anHDACI of structural formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof sufficient to treat the cancer. An HDACI of structural formula(I) can be used as the sole anticancer agent, or in combination withanother anticancer treatment, e.g., radiation, chemotherapy, andsurgery.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for increasingthe sensitivity of a cancer cell to the cytotoxic effects ofradiotherapy and/or chemotherapy comprising contacting the cell with anHDACI of structural formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof in an amount sufficient to increase the sensitivity of the cellto the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method fortreating cancer comprising: (a) administering to an individual in needthereof an amount of a compound of structural formula (I); and (b)administering to the individual an amount of radiotherapy, chemotherapy,or both. The amounts administered are each effective to treat cancer. Inanother embodiment, the amounts are together effective to treat cancer.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for treatingcancer, said method comprising administering to a subject in needthereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an HDACI ofstructural formula (I) effective to treat cancer.

This combination therapy of the invention can be used accordingly in avariety of settings for the treatment of various cancers. In a specificembodiment, the individual in need of treatment has previously undergonetreatment for cancer. Such previous treatments include, but are notlimited to, prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, or immunotherapy,such as cancer vaccines.

In another embodiment, the cancer being treated is a cancer which hasdemonstrated sensitivity to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy or is knownto be responsive to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Such cancersinclude, but are not limited to, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin'sdisease, Ewing's sarcoma, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, ovariancancer, bladder cancer, larynx cancer, cervical cancer, nasopharynxcancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, head and neckcancer, esophageal cancer, rectal cancer, small-cell lung cancer,non-small cell lung cancer, brain tumors, or other CNS neoplasms.

In still another embodiment, the cancer being treated has demonstratedresistance to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy or is known to berefractory to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. A cancer is refractoryto a therapy when at least some significant portion of the cancer cellsare not killed or their cell division is not arrested in response totherapy. Such a determination can be made either in vivo or in vitro byany method known in the art for assaying the effectiveness of treatmenton cancer cells, using the art-accepted meanings of “refractory” in sucha context. In a specific embodiment, a cancer is refractory where thenumber of cancer cells has not been significantly reduced or hasincreased.

Other cancers that can be treated with the compounds and methods of theinvention include, but are not limited to, cancers and metastasesselected from the group consisting of solid tumors, including but notlimited to: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma,osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma,lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma,Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon cancer,colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone cancer, breastcancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, stomachcancer, oral cancer, nasal cancer, throat cancer, squamous cellcarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma,sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillaryadenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogeniccarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma,choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervicalcancer, uterine cancer, testicular cancer, small cell lung carcinoma,bladder carcinoma, lung cancer, epithelial carcinoma, glioma,glioblastoma multiforma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma,craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acousticneuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, skin cancer, melanoma,neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma; blood-borne cancers, including butnot limited to: acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic B-cellleukemia, acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia, acute myeloblasticleukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia,acute erythroleukemic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acutemyclomonocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocyctic leukemia, acuteundifferentiated leukemia, chronic myclocytic leukemia, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple myeloma; acuteand chronic leukemias: lymphoblastic, myelogenous lymphocytic, andmyelocytic leukemias; lymphomas: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin'slymphoma; multiple myeloma; Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia; heavy chaindisease; and polycythemia vera.

The HDACIs of structural formula (I) can also be administered to preventprogression to a neoplastic or malignant state, including but notlimited to the cancers listed above. Such prophylactic use is indicatedin conditions known or suspected of preceding progression to neoplasiaor cancer, in particular, where non-neoplastic cell growth consisting ofhyperplasia, metaplasia, or most particularly, dysplasia has occurred(for review of such abnormal growth conditions, see Robbins and Angell,1976, Basic Pathology, 2d Ed., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp.68-79). Hyperplasia is a form of controlled cell proliferation involvingan increase in cell number in a tissue or organ, without significantalteration in structure or function. For example, endometrialhyperplasia often precedes endometrial cancer and precancerous colonpolyps often transform into cancerous lesions. Metaplasia is a form ofcontrolled cell growth in which one type of adult or fullydifferentiated cell substitutes for another type of adult cell.Metaplasia can occur in epithelial or connective tissue cells. A typicalmetaplasia involves a somewhat disorderly metaplastic epithelium.Dysplasia is frequently a forerunner of cancer, and is found mainly inthe epithelia; it is the most disorderly form of non-neoplastic cellgrowth, involving a loss in individual cell uniformity and in thearchitectural orientation of cells. Dysplastic cells often haveabnormally large, deeply stained nuclei, and exhibit pleomorphism.Dysplasia characteristically occurs where chronic irritation orinflammation exists, and often is found in the cervix, respiratorypassages, oral cavity, and gall bladder.

Alternatively or in addition to the presence of abnormal cell growthcharacterized as hyperplasia, metaplasia, or dysplasia, the presence ofone or more characteristics of a transformed phenotype, or of amalignant phenotype, displayed in vivo or displayed in vitro by a cellsample from a subject, can indicate the desirability ofprophylactic/therapeutic administration of the composition of theinvention. Such characteristics of a transformed phenotype include, forexample, morphology changes, looser substratum attachment, loss ofcontact inhibition, loss of anchorage dependence, protease release,increased sugar transport, decreased serum requirement, expression offetal antigens, disappearance of the 250,000 dalton cell surfaceprotein.

In a specific embodiment, leukoplakia, a benign-appearing hyperplasticor dysplastic lesion of the epithelium, or Bowen's disease, a carcinomain situ, are pre-neoplastic lesions indicative of the desirability ofprophylactic intervention.

In another embodiment, fibrocystic disease (cystic hyperplasia, mammarydysplasia, particularly adenosis (benign epithelial hyperplasia)) isindicative of the desirability of prophylactic intervention.

The prophylactic use of the compounds and methods of the presentinvention are also indicated in some viral infections that may lead tocancer. For example, human papilloma virus can lead to cervical cancer(see, e.g., Hernandez-Avila et al., Archives of Medical Research (1997)28:265-271), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can lead to lymphoma (see, e.g.,Herrmann et al., J Pathol (2003) 199(2):140-5), hepatitis B or C viruscan lead to liver carcinoma (see, e.g., El-Serag, J Clin Gastroenterol(2002) 35(5 Suppl 2):S72-8), human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-I canlead to T-cell leukemia (see e.g., Mortreux et al., Leukemia (2003)17(1):26-38), human herpesvirus-8 infection can lead to Kaposi's sarcoma(see, e.g., Kadow et al., Curr Opin Investig Drugs (2002) 3(11):1574-9),and Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV) infection contribute to cancerdevelopment as a consequence of immunodeficiency (see, e.g., Dal Maso etal., Lancet Oncol (2003) 4(2):110-9).

In other embodiments, a subject exhibiting one or more of the followingpredisposing factors for malignancy can be treated by administration ofthe HDACIs and methods of the invention: a chromosomal translocationassociated with a malignancy (e.g., the Philadelphia chromosome forchronic myelogenous leukemia, t(14;18) for follicular lymphoma, etc.),familial polyposis or Gardner's syndrome (possible forerunners of coloncancer), benign monoclonal gammopathy (a possible forerunner of multiplemyeloma), a first degree kinship with persons having a cancer orprocancerous disease showing a Mendelian (genetic) inheritance pattern(e.g., familial polyposis of the colon, Gardner's syndrome, hereditaryexostosis, polyendocrine adenomatosis, medullary thyroid carcinoma withamyloid production and pheochromocytoma, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,neurofibromatosis of Von Recklinghausen, retinoblastoma, carotid bodytumor, cutaneous melanocarcinoma, intraocular melanocarcinoma, xerodermapigmentosum, ataxia telangiectasia, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, albinism,Fanconi's aplastic anemia, and Bloom's syndrome; see Robbins and Angell,1976, Basic Pathology, 2d Ed., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp.112-113) etc.), and exposure to carcinogens (e.g., smoking, andinhalation of or contacting with certain chemicals).

In another specific embodiment, the HDACIs and methods of the inventionare administered to a human subject to prevent progression to breast,colon, ovarian, or cervical cancer.

In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating cancercomprising (a) administering to an individual in need thereof an amountof an HDACI of structural formula (I); and (b) administering to theindividual one or more additional anticancer treatment modalityincluding, but not limited to, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery orimmunotherapy, such as a cancer vaccine. In one embodiment, theadministering of step (a) is prior to the administering of step (b). Inanother embodiment, the administering of step (a) is subsequent to theadministering of step (b). In still another embodiment, theadministering of step (a) is concurrent with the administering of step(b).

In one embodiment, the additional anticancer treatment modality isradiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. In another embodiment, the additionalanticancer treatment modality is surgery.

In still another embodiment, the additional anticancer treatmentmodality is immunotherapy, such as cancer vaccines.

In one embodiment, an HDACI of structural formula (I) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered adjunctivelywith the additional anticancer treatment modality.

In a preferred embodiment, the additional anticancer treatment modalityis radiotherapy. In the methods of the present invention, anyradiotherapy protocol can be used depending upon the type of cancer tobe treated. Embodiments of the present invention employ electromagneticradiation of: gamma-radiation (10⁻²⁰ to 10⁻¹³ m), X-ray radiation (10⁻¹²to 10⁻⁹ m), ultraviolet light (10 nm to 400 nm), visible light (400 nmto 700 nm), infrared radiation (700 nm to 1 mm), and microwave radiation(1 mm to 30 cm).

For example, but not by way of limitation, X-ray radiation can beadministered; in particular, high-energy megavoltage (radiation ofgreater that 1 MeV energy) can be used for deep tumors, and electronbeam and orthovoltage X-ray radiation can be used for skin cancers.Gamma-ray emitting radioisotopes, such as radioactive isotopes ofradium, cobalt and other elements, can also be administered.Illustrative radiotherapy protocols useful in the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to, stereotactic methods where multiplesources of low dose radiation are simultaneously focused into a tissuevolume from multiple angles; “internal radiotherapy,” such asbrachytherapy, interstitial irradiation, and intracavitary irradiation,which involves the placement of radioactive implants directly in a tumoror other target tissue; intraoperative irradiation, in which a largedose of external radiation is directed at the target tissue which isexposed during surgery; and particle beam radiotherapy, which involvesthe use of fast-moving subatomic particles to treat localized cancers.

Many cancer treatment protocols currently employ radiosensitizersactivated by electromagnetic radiation, e.g., X-rays. Examples ofX-ray-activated radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to,metronidazole, misonidazole, desmethylmisonidazole, pimonidazole,etanidazole, nimorazole, mitomycin C, RSU 1069, SR 4233, EO9, RB 6145,nicotinamide, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR),bromodeoxycytidine, fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR), hydroxyurea, cis-platin,and therapeutically effective analogs and derivatives of the same.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancers employs visible light as theradiation activator of the sensitizing agent. Examples of photodynamicradiosensitizers include the following, but are not limited to:hematoporphyrin derivatives, PHOTOFRIN®, benzoporphyrin derivatives,NPe6, tin etioporphyrin (SnET2), pheoborbide-a, bacteriochlorophyll-a,naphthalocyanines, phthalocyanines, zinc phthalocyanine, andtherapeutically effective analogs and derivatives of the same.

Radiosensitizers can be administered in conjunction with atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds in addition toa present HDACI, such compounds including, but not limited to, compoundsthat promote the incorporation of radiosensitizers to the target cells,compounds that control the flow of therapeutics, nutrients, and/oroxygen to the target cells, chemotherapeutic agents that act on thetumor with or without additional radiation, or other therapeuticallyeffective compounds for treating cancer or other disease. Examples ofadditional therapeutic agents that can be used in conjunction withradiosensitizers include, but are not limited to, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU),leucovorin, oxygen, carbogen, red cell transfusions, perfluorocarbons(e.g., FLUOSOLW®-DA), 2,3-DPG, BW12C, calcium channel blockers,pentoxifylline, antiangiogenesis compounds, hydralazine, and L-BSO.

In a preferred embodiment, an HDACI of structural formula (I) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered prior to theadministration of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

In another preferred embodiment, an HDACI of structural formula (I) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered adjunctivelywith radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

An HDACI of structural formula (I) and additional treatment modalitiescan act additively or synergistically (i.e., the combination of an HDACIof structural formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,and an additional anticancer treatment modality is more effective thantheir additive effects when each are administered alone). A synergisticcombination permits the use of lower dosages of an HDACI of structuralformula (I) and/or the additional treatment modality and/or lessfrequent administration of an HDACI of structural formula (I) and/oradditional treatment modality to a subject with cancer. The ability toutilize lower dosages of an HDACI of structural formula (I) and/or anadditional treatment modality and/or to administer a compound of theinvention and the additional treatment modality less frequently canreduce the toxicity associated with the administration without reducingthe efficacy of an HDACI of structural formula (I) and/or the additionaltreatment modality in the treatment of cancer. In addition, asynergistic effect can result in the improved efficacy of the treatmentof cancer and/or the reduction of adverse or unwanted side effectsassociated with the administration of an HDACI of structural formula (I)and/or an additional anticancer treatment modality as monotherapy.

In one embodiment, the HDACIs of structural formula (I) may actsynergistically with radiotherapy when administered in doses typicallyemployed when such HDACIs are used alone for the treatment of cancer. Inanother embodiment, the HDACIs of structural formula (I) may actsynergistically with radiotherapy when administered in doses that areless than doses typically employed when such HDACIs are used asmonotherapy for the treatment of cancer.

In one embodiment, radiotherapy may act synergistically with an HDACI ofstructural formula (I) when administered in doses typically employedwhen radiotherapy is used as monotherapy for the treatment of cancer. Inanother embodiment, radiotherapy may act synergistically with a compoundof the invention when administered in doses that are less than dosestypically employed when radiotherapy is used as monotherapy for thetreatment of cancer.

The effectiveness of the HDACIs of structural formula (I) as HDACinhibitors for sensitizing cancer cells to the effect of radiotherapycan be determined by the in vitro and/or in vivo determination ofpost-treatment survival using techniques known in the art. In oneembodiment, for in vitro determinations, exponentially growing cells canbe exposed to known doses of radiation, and the survival of the cellsmonitored. Irradiated cells are plated and cultured for about 14 about21 days, and the colonies are stained. The surviving fraction is thenumber of colonies divided by the plating efficiency of unirradiatedcells. Graphing the surviving fraction on a log scale versus theabsorbed dose on a linear scale generates a survival curve. Survivalcurves generally show an exponential decrease in the fraction ofsurviving cells at higher radiation doses after an initial shoulderregion in which the dose is sublethal. A similar protocol can be usedfor chemical agents when used in the combination therapies of theinvention.

Inherent radiosensitivity of tumor cells and environmental influences,such as hypoxia and host immunity, can be further assessed by in vivostudies. The growth delay assay is commonly used. This assay measuresthe time interval required for a tumor exposed to radiation to regrow toa specified volume. The dose required to control about 50% of tumors isdetermined by the TCD50 assay.

In vivo assay systems typically use transplantable solid tumor systemsin experimental subjects. Radiation survival parameters for normaltissues as well as for tumors can be assayed using in vivo methods knownin the art.

The present invention provides methods of treating cancers comprisingthe administration of an effective amount of an HDACI of structuralformula (I) in conjunction with recognized methods of surgery,radiotherapy, and chemotherapies, including, for example, chemical-basedmimics of radiotherapy whereby a synergistic enhancement of theeffectiveness of the recognized therapy is achieved. The effectivenessof a treatment can be measured in clinical studies or in model systems,such as a tumor model in mice, or cell culture sensitivity assays.

The present invention provides combination therapies that result inimproved effectiveness and/or reduced toxicity. Accordingly, in oneaspect, the invention relates to the use of the HDACIs of structuralformula (I) as radiosensitizers in conjunction with radiotherapy.

When the combination therapy of the invention comprises administering anHDACI of structural formula (I) with one or more additional anticanceragents, the HDACI of structural formula (I) and the additionalanticancer agents can be administered concurrently or sequentially to anindividual. The agents can also be cyclically administered. Cyclingtherapy involves the administration of one or more anticancer agents fora period of time, followed by the administration of one or moredifferent anticancer agents for a period of time and repeating thissequential administration, i.e., the cycle, in order to reduce thedevelopment of resistance to one or more of the anticancer agents ofbeing administered, to avoid or reduce the side effects of one or moreof the anticancer agents being administered, and/or to improve theefficacy of the treatment.

An additional anticancer agent may be administered over a series ofsessions; anyone or a combination of the additional anticancer agentslisted below may be administered.

The present invention includes methods for treating cancer comprisingadministering to an individual in need thereof an HDACI of structuralformula (I) and one or more additional anticancer agents orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. An HDACI of structuralformula (I) and the additional anticancer agent can act additively orsynergistically. Suitable anticancer agents include, but are not limitedto, gemcitabine, capecitabine, methotrexate, taxol, taxotere,mereaptopurine, thioguanine, hydroxyurea, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide,nitrosoureas, mitomycin, dacarbazine, procarbizine, etoposide,teniposide, campatheeins, bleomycin, doxorubicin, idarubicin,daunorubicin, dactinomycin, plicamycin, mitoxantrone, L-asparaginase,doxorubicin, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), taxanes (such asdocetaxel and paclitaxel), leucovorin, levamisole, irinotecan,estramustine, etoposide, nitrogen mustards, BCNU, nitrosoureas (such ascarmustine and lomustine), platinum complexes (such as cisplatin,carboplatin and oxaliplatin), imatinib mesylate, hexamethylmelamine,topotecan, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tyrphostins herbimycin A,genistein, erbstatin, and lavendustin A.

In one embodiment, the anti-cancer agent can be, but is not limited to,a drug selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, nitrogenmustards, cyclophosphamide, trofosfamide, chlorambucil, nitrosoureas,carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), alkylsulphonates, busulfan,treosulfan, triazenes, plant alkaloids, vinca alkaloids (vineristine,vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine), taxoids, DNA topoisomcraseinhibitors, epipodophyllins, 9-aminocamptothecin, camptothecin,crisnatol, mitomycins, mitomycin C, anti-metabolites, anti-folates, DHFRinhibitors, trimetrexate, IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, mycophenolicacid, tiazofurin, ribavirin, EICAR, ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors,hydroxyurea, deferoxamine, pyrimidine analogs, uracil analogs,floxuridine, doxifluridine, ratitrexed, cytosine analogs, cytarabine(ara C), cytosine arabinoside, fludarabine, purine analogs,mercaptopurine, thioguanine, DNA antimetabolites, 3-HP,2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 5-HP, alpha-TGDR, aphidicolin glycinate,ara-C, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, beta-TGDR, cyclocytidine, guanazole(inosine glycodialdehyde), macebecin II, pyrazoloimidazole, hormonaltherapies, receptor antagonists, anti-estrogen, tamoxifen, raloxifene,megestrol, LHRH agonists, goserelin, leuprolide acetate, anti-androgens,flutamide, bicalutamide, retinoids/deltoids, cis-retinoic acid, vitaminA derivative, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA-IV), vitamin D3 analogs, E1)1089, CB 1093, ICH 1060, photodynamic therapies, vertoporfin, BPD-MA,phthalocyanine, photosensitizer Pc4, demethoxy-hypocrellin A(2BA-2-DMHA), cytokines, interferon-a, interferon-I3, interferon-y,tumor necrosis factor, angiogenesis inhibitors, angiostatin (plasminogenfragment), antiangiogenic antithrombin UI, angiozyme, ABT-627, Bay12-9566, benefin, bevacizumab, BMS-275291, cartilage-derived inhibitor(CDI), CAI, CD59 complement fragment, CEP-7055, Col 3, combretastatinA-4, endostatin (collagen XVIII fragment), fibronectin fragment,Gro-beta, halofuginone, heparinases, heparin hexasaccharide fragment,HMV833, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), IM-862, interferon inducibleprotein (IP-10), interleukin-12, kringle 5 (plasminogen fragment),marimastat, metalloproteinase inhibitors (UMPs), 2-methoxyestradiol, MMI270 (CGS 27023A), MoAb IMC-I C11, neovastat, NM-3, panzem, P1-88,placental ribonuclease inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor,platelet factor-4 (PF4), prinomastat, prolactin 161(D fragment,proliferin-related protein (PRP), PTK 787/ZK 222594, retinoids,solimastat, squalamine, SS 3304, SU 5416, SU 6668, SU 11248,tetrahydrocortisol-S, tetrathiomolybdate, thalidomide, thrombospondin-1(TSP-1), TNP-470, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-11),vasculostatin, vasostatin (calreticulin fragment), ZD 6126, ZD 6474,farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTI), bisphosphonates, antimitoticagents, allocolchicine, halichondrin B, colchicine, colchicinederivative, dolstatin 10, maytansine, rhizoxin, thiocolchicine, tritylcysteine, isoprenylation inhibitors, dopaminergic neurotoxins,1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion, cell cycle inhibitors, staurosporine,actinomycins, actinomycin D, dactinomycin, bleomycins, bleomycin A2,bleomycin B2, peplomycin, anthracycline, adriamycin, epirubicin,pirarnbicin, zorubicin, mitoxantrone, MDR inhibitors, verapamil,Ca²′ATPase inhibitors, and thapsigargin.

Other anti-cancer agents that may be used in the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to, acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazolehydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin; aldesleukin; altretamine;ambomycin; ametantrone acetate; aminoglutethimide; amsacrine;anastrozole; anthramycin; asparaginase; asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa;azotomycin; batimastat; benzodepa; bicalutamide; bisantrenehydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelcsin; bleomycin sulfate;brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busul fan; cactinomycin; calusterone;caracemide; carbetimer; carmustine; carubicin hydrochloride; carzelesin;cedefingol; chlorambucil; cirolemycin; cisplatin; cladribine; crisnatolmesylate; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; dactinomycin;daunorubicin hydrochloride; decitabine; dexorrnaplatin; dezaguanine;dezaguanine mesylate; diaziquone; docetaxel; doxorubicin hydrochloride;droloxifene; droloxifene citrate; dromostanolone propionate; duazomycin;edatrexate; eflomithine hydrochloride; elsamitrucin; enloplatin;enpromate; epipropidine; epirubicin hydrochloride; erbulozole;esorubicin hydrochloride; estramustine; estramustine phosphate sodium;etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; etoprine; fadrozole hydrochloride;fazarabine; fenretinide; floxuridine; fludarabine phosphate;fluorouracil; fluorocitabine; fosquidone; fostriecin sodium; gemcitabinehydrochloride; hydroxyurea; idarubicin hydrochloride; ifosfamide;ilmofosine; interleukin II (including recombinant interleukin II, orrIL2), interferon alfa-2a; interferon alfa-2b; interferon alfa-n1;interferon alfa-n3; interferon beta-Ia; interferon gamma-Ib; iproplatin;irinotecan hydrochloride; lanreotide acetate; letrozole; leuprolideacetate; liarozole hydrochloride; lometrexol sodium; lomustine;losoxantrone hydrochloride; masoprocol; maytansine; mecchlorethaminehydrochloride; megestrol acetate; melengestrol acetate; melphalan;menogaril; mercaptopurine; methotrexate sodium; metoprine; meturedepa;mitindomide; mitocarcin; mitocromin; mitogillin; mitomalcin; mitomycin;mitusper; mitotane; mitoxantrone hydrochloride; mycophenolic acid;nocodazole; nogalamycin; ormaplatin; oxisuran; pegaspargase; peliomycin;pentamustine; peplomycin sulfate; perfosfamide; pipobroman; piposulfan;piroxantrone hydrochloride; plicamycin; plomestane; porfimer sodium;porfiromycin; prednimustine; procarbazine hydrochloride; puromycin;puromycin hydrochloride; pyrazofurin; riboprine; rogletimide; safingol;safingol hydrochloride; semustine; simtrazene; sparfosate sodium;sparsornycin; spirogermanium hydrochloride; spiromustine; spiroplatin;streptonigrin; streptozocin; sulofenur; talisomycin; tecogalan sodium;tegafur; teloxantrone hydrochloride; temoporfin; teroxirone;testolactone; thiamiprine; thioguanine; thiotepa; tiazofurin;tirapazamine; toremifene citrate; trestolone acetate; triciribinephosphate; trimetrexate; trimetrexate glucuronate; triptorelin;tubulozole hydrochloride; uracit mustard; uredepa; vapreotide;verteporfln; vinblastine sulfate; vincristine sulfate; vindesine;vindesine sulfate; vinepidine sulfate; vinglycinate sulfate;vinleurosine sulfate; vinorelbine tartrate; vinrosidine sulfate;vinzolidine sulfate; vorozolc; zeniplatin; zinostatin; zorubicinhydrochloride.

Further anti-cancer drugs that can be used in the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to: 20-epi-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3;5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol;adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine;amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine;anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors;antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogeneticprotein 1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen;antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate;apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara CDPDL PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine;axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin;azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCRJABLantagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactamderivatives; beta alethine; betaclarnycin B; betulinic acid; bFGFinhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide;bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthioninesulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives;canarypox IL-2; carboxamide amino triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRestM3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinaseinhibitors; castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorins;chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis porphyrin; cladribine;clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B;combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816;crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A;cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate;cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B;deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexveraparnil;diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro 5azacytidine; dihydrotaxol, 9; dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine;docetaxel; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene;dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine;edrecolomab; eflomithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epristeride;estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists;etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine;fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine;fluasterone; fltidarabine; fluorodaunoruniein hydrochloride; forfenimex;formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; galliumnitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; glutathioneinhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin;ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine;ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides;insulin like growth factor 1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists;interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubiein; ipomeanol, 4;iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron;jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; larnellarin N triacetate; lanreotide;leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole;leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon;leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole;linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilicplatinum complexes; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine;lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine;lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides;maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysininhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone;meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone;miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone;mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growthfactor saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonalantibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipidA+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance geneinhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1 based therapy; mustardanti-cancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract;myriaporone; N acetyldinaline; N substituted benzamides; nafarelin;nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim;nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase;nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant;nitrullyn; 06 benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides;onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer;ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; paclitaxel; paclitaxelanalogues; paclitaxel derivatives; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin;pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine;pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin;pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin;phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpinehydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B;plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum complexes;platinum triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone;propyl his acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein Abased immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase Cinhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purinenucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloaeridine;pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate; raf antagonists;raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors;ras inhibitors; ras GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RH retinamide; rogletimide;rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone BI; ruboxyl; safingol;saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics;semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides;signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; singlechain antigen binding protein; sizofiran; sobuzoxane; sodiumborocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin bindingprotein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine;splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem celldivision inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine;superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista;suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine;tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium;tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin;temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine;thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic;thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thyrnotrinan; thyroidstimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocenebichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor;translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine;trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinaseinhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinusderived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists;vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy;velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine;vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; and zinostatinstimalamer.

It is a further aspect of the invention that the HDACIs of structuralformula (I) can be administered in conjunction with chemical agents thatare understood to mimic the effects of radiotherapy and/or that functionby direct contact with DNA. Preferred agents for use in combination withthe HDACIs of structural formula (I) for treating cancer include, butare not limited to cis-diamminedichloro platinum (II) (cisplatin),doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, taxol, and topoisomerase inhibitors such asetoposide, teniposide, irinotecan and topotecan.

Additionally, the invention provides methods of treatment of cancerusing the HDACIs of structural formula (I) as an alternative tochemotherapy alone or radiotherapy alone where the chemotherapy or theradiotherapy has proven or can prove too toxic, e.g., results inunacceptable or unbearable side effects, for the subject being treated.The individual being treated can, optionally, be treated with anotheranticancer treatment modality such as chemotherapy, surgery, orimmunotherapy, depending on which treatment is found to be acceptable orbearable.

The HDACIs of structural formula (I) can also be used in an in vitro orex vivo fashion, such as for the treatment of certain cancers,including, but not limited to leukemias and lymphomas, such treatmentinvolving autologous stem cell transplants. This can involve amulti-step process in which the subject's autologous hematopoietic stemcells are harvested and purged of all cancer cells, the subject is thenadministered an amount of an HDACI of structural formula (I) effectiveto eradicate the subject's remaining bone-marrow cell population, thenthe stem cell graft is infused back into the subject. Supportive carethen is provided while bone marrow function is restored and the subjectrecovers.

The present methods for treating cancer can further comprise theadministration of an HDACI of structural formula (I) and an additionaltherapeutic agent or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydratesthereof. In one embodiment, a composition comprising an HDACI ofstructural formula (I) is administered concurrently with theadministration of one or more additional therapeutic agent(s), which maybe part of the same composition or in a different composition from thatcomprising the HDACI of structural formula (I). In another embodiment,an HDACI of structural formula (I) is administered prior to orsubsequent to administration of another therapeutic agent(s).

In the present methods for treating cancer the other therapeutic agentmay be an antiemetic agent. Suitable antiemetic agents include, but arenot limited to, metoclopromide, domperidone, prochlorperazine,promethazine, chlorpromazine, trimethobenzamide, ondansetron,granisetron, hydroxyzine, acethylleucine monoethanolamine, alizapride,azasetron, benzquinamide, bietanautine, bromopride, buclizine,clebopride, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate, diphenidol, dolasetron,meclizine, methallatal, metopimazine, nabilone, oxyperndyl, pipamazine,scopolamine, sulpiride, tetrahydrocannabinols, thiethylperazine,thioproperazine, and tropisetron.

In a preferred embodiment, the antiemetic agent is granisetron orondansetron. In another embodiment, the other therapeutic agent may bean hematopoietic colony stimulating factor. Suitable hematopoieticcolony stimulating factors include, but are not limited to, filgrastim,sargramostim, molgramostim, and epoietin alfa.

In still another embodiment, the other therapeutic agent may be anopioid or non-opioid analgesic agent. Suitable opioid analgesic agentsinclude, but are not limited to, morphine, heroin, hydromorphone,hydrocodone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, metopon, apomorphine, normorphine,etorphine, buprenorphine, meperidine, lopermide, anileridine,ethoheptazine, piminidine, betaprodine, diphenoxylate, fentanil,sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, levorphanol, dextromethorphan,phenazocine, pentazocine, cyclazocine, methadone, isomethadone, andpropoxyphene. Suitable non-opioid analgesic agents include, but are notlimited to, aspirin, celecoxib, rofecoxib, diclofinac, diflusinal,etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin,ketorolac, meclofenamate, mefanamic acid, nabumetone, naproxen,piroxicam, and sulindac.

In still another embodiment, the other therapeutic agent may be ananxiolytic agent. Suitable anxiolytic agents include, but are notlimited to, buspirene, and benzodiazepines such as diazepam, lorazepam,oxazapam, chlorazepate, clonazepam, chlordiazepoxide and alprazolam.

In addition to treating cancers and sensitizing a cancer cell to thecytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the HDACIs of thepresent invention are used in methods of treating diseases, conditions,and injuries to the central nervous system, such as neurologicaldiseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and traumatic brain injuries(TBIs). In preferred embodiments, a present HDACI is capable of crossingthe blood brain barrier to inhibit HDAC in the brain of the individual.

It has been shown that HDAC6 inhibition protects against neuronaldegeneration and stimulates neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglionneurons, therefore indicating methods of treating CNS diseases.Accordingly, compound 6 was examined in a model of oxidative stressinduced by homocysteic acid (HCA). This model leads to depletion ofglutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant. HDAC6 inhibitionrescues neuronal death in this model, possibly by causinghyperacetylation of peroxiredoxins. Previous work reported thatnonselective, hydroxamic acid HDACIs displayed considerable toxicity tothe primary cortical neurons. (A. P. Kozikowski et al., J. Med. Chem.2007, 50, 3054-61.)

In the HCA-induced neurodegeneration assays, TSA was moderatelyneuroprotective at 0.5 μM, although protection declined at higherconcentrations due to dose-dependant neurotoxicity (FIG. 1A). Compound 6displayed dose-dependent protection against HCA-induced neuronal celldeath starting at 5 μM with near complete protection at 10 μM (FIG. 1B).This compares well with published results showing that Tubacin inducesα-tubulin acetylation at 5 μM and protects prostate cancer (LNCaP) cellsfrom hydrogen peroxide-induced death at 8 μM via peroxiredoxinacetylation. (R. B. Parmigiani et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008,105, 9633-8.) Importantly, when tested alone at all of theconcentrations shown, compound 6 exhibited no toxicity, indicating thatneurotoxicity is likely a product of class I HDAC inhibition, and not aproperty inherent to hydroxamic acids. Compound 6 is the firstneuroprotective hydroxamic acid-based HDACI that does not cause neuronaldeath when tested alone in the HCA model. These results demonstrate thatHDAC6 inhibition provides a method for treating neurodegenerativeconditions.

FIGS. 1A and 1B contain neuroprotection bar graphs of the HCA oxidativestress test assay. Neurons were treated with TSA (FIG. 1A) or Compound6, alone or with the addition of HCA (homocysteic acid).

The data summarized in FIGS. 1A and 1B was obtained according to thefollowing neuroprotective assay. Primary cortical neuron cultures wereobtained from the cerebral cortex of fetal Sprague-Dawley rats(embryonic day 17). All experiments were initiated 24 hours afterplating. Under these conditions, the cells are not susceptible toglutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. For cytotoxicity studies, cells wererinsed with warm PBS, then placed in minimum essential medium(Invitrogen) containing 5.5 g/liter glucose, 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mML-glutamine, and 100 μM cystine. Oxidative stress was induced by theaddition of the glutamate analog homocysteate (HCA; 5 mM) to the media.HCA was diluted from 100-fold concentrated solutions that were adjustedto pH 7.5. In combination with HCA, neurons were treated with either TSAor compound 6 at the indicated concentrations. Viability was assessedafter 24 hours by the MTT assay(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method.

Compound 6 also was found to ameliorate associative memory following Aβelevation. In this test, mice were infused with Aβ42 via cannulasimplanted into dorsal hippocampus 15 minutes prior to training. Compound6 was dosed ip (25 mg/kg) 2 hours before training. Fear learning wasassessed 24 hours later.

Contextual fear conditioning performed 24 hours after training showed areduction of freezing in Aβ-infused mice compared to vehicle-infusedmice (FIG. 2). Treatment with compound 6 ameliorates deficit in freezingresponses in Aβ-infused mice, and has no effect in vehicle-infused mice(FIG. 2). Compound 6 alone did not affect the memory performance of themice. In addition, treatment had no effects on motor, sensorial, ormotivational skills assessed using the visible platform test in whichcompound 6 was injected twice a day for two days. During theseexperiments, no signs of overt toxicity, including changes in food andliquid intake, weight loss, or changes in locomotion and exploratorybehavior, were observed.

These results demonstrate that the HDACIs of the present invention arebeneficial against impairment of associative memory following Aβelevation.

The HDACIs of structural formula (I) therefore are useful for treating aneurological disease by administration of amounts of an HDACI ofstructural formula (I) effective to treat the neurological disease or byadministration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising amounts of anHDACI of structural formula (I) effective to treat the neurologicaldisease. The neurological diseases that can be treated include, but arenot limited to, Huntington's disease, lupus, schizophrenia, multiplesclerosis, muscular dystrophy, dentatorubralpallidoluysian atrophy(DRRLA), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and finespinocerebellar ataxias (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3/MJD (Machado-Joseph Disease),SCA6, and SCA7), drug-induced movement disorders, Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Pick's disease, Alzheimer'sdisease, Lewy body dementia, cortico basal degeneration, dystonia,myoclonus, Tourette's syndrome, tremor, chorea, restless leg syndrome,Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonian syndromes, anxiety, depression,psychosis, manic depression, Friedreich's ataxia, Fragile X syndrome,spinal muscular dystrophy, Rett syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome,Wilson's disease, and multi infarct state.

In a preferred embodiment, the neurological disease treated isHuntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinalmuscular atrophy, lupus, or schizophrenia.

A present HDACI also can be used with a second therapeutic agent inmethods of treating conditions, diseases, and injuries to the CNS. Suchsecond therapeutic agents are those drugs known in the art to treat aparticular condition, diseases, or injury, for example, but not limitedto, lithium in the treatment of mood disorders, estradiol benzoate, andnicotinamide in the treatment of Huntington's disease.

The present HDACIs also are useful in the treatment of TBIs. Traumaticbrain injury (TBI) is a serious and complex injury that occurs inapproximately 1.4 million people each year in the United States. TBI isassociated with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities, includinga risk factor for developing neurodegenerative disorders, such asAlzheimer's disease.

TBI produces a number of pathologies including axonal injury, celldeath, contusions, and inflammation. The inflammatory cascade ischaracterized by proinflammatory cytokines and activation of microgliawhich can exacerbate other pathologies. Although the role ofinflammation in TBI is well established, no efficaciousanti-inflammatory therapies are currently available for the treatment ofTBI.

Several known HDAC inhibitors have been found to be protective indifferent cellular and animal models of acute and chronicneurodegenerative injury and disease, for example, Alzheimer's disease,ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Huntington's disease (HD),amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), andspinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). A recent study inexperimental pediatric TBI reported a decrease in hippocampal CA3histone H3 acetylation lasting hours to days after injury. These changeswere attributed to documented upstream excitotoxic and stress cascadesassociated with TBI. HDACIs also have been reported to haveanti-inflammatory actions acting through acetylation of non-histoneproteins. The HDAC6 selective inhibitor,4-dimethylamino-N-[5-(2-mercaptoacetylamino)pentyl]benzamide (DMA-PB),was found to be able to increase histone H3 acetylation and reducemicroglia inflammatory response following traumatic brain injury inrats, which demonstrates the utility of HDACIs as therapeutics forinhibiting neuroinflammation associated with TBI.

The present HDACIs therefore also are useful in the treatment ofinflammation and strokes, and in the treatment of autism. The presentHDACIs further can be used to treat parasitic infections, (e.g.,malaria, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, helminthiasis, protozoalinfections (see Andrews et al. Int. J. Parasitol. 2000, 30(6), 761-768).

In certain embodiments, the compound of the invention can be used totreat malaria. A present HDACI can be co-administered with anantimalarial compound selected from the group consisting of aryl aminoalcohols, cinchona alkaloids, 4-aminoquinolines, type 1 or type 2 folatesynthesis inhibitors, 8-aminoquinolines, antimicrobials, peroxides,naphthoquinones, and iron chelating agents. The antimalarial compoundcan be, but is not limited to, quinine, quinidine, mefloquine,halfantrine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, proguanil, chloroproquanil,pyrimethamine, primaquine,8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[(3-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolinesuccinate (WR238,605), tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin,azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, artemether, areether, artesunate,artelinic acid, atovaquone, and deferrioxamine. In a preferredembodiment, the antimalarial compound is chloroquine.

The present HDACIs also can be used as imaging agents. In particular, byproviding a radiolabeled or fluorescently-labeled HDACI of structuralformula (I), the labeled compound can image HDACs, tissues expressingHDACIs, and tumors. Labeled HDACIs of structural formula (I) also canimage patients suffering from a cancer, or other HDAC-mediated diseases,e.g., stroke, by administration of an effective amount of the labeledcompound or a composition containing the labeled compound. In preferredembodiments, the labeled HDACI is capable of emitting positron radiationand is suitable for use in positron emission tomography (PET).Typically, a labeled HDACI of structural formula (I) is used to identifyareas of tissues or targets that express high concentrations of HDACs.The extent of accumulation of labeled HDACI can be quantified usingknown methods for quantifying radioactive emissions.

HDACIs of structural formula (I) useful in the imaging methods containone or more radioisotopes capable of emitting one or more forms ofradiation suitable for detection by any standard radiology equipment,such as PET, SPECT, gamma cameras, MRI, and similar apparatus. Preferredisotopes including tritium (³H) and carbon (¹¹C). Substituted HDACIs ofstructural formula (I) also can contain isotopes of fluorine (¹⁸F) andiodine (¹²³I) for imaging methods. Typically, a labeled HDACI ofstructural formula (I) contains an alkyl group having a ¹¹C label, i.e.,a ¹¹C-methyl group, or an alkyl group substituted with ¹⁸F, ¹²³I, ¹²⁵I,¹³¹I, or a combination thereof.

Fluorescently labeled HDACIs of structural formula (I) also can be usedin the imaging method of the present invention. Such compounds have anFITC or carbocyamine moiety.

The labeled HDACIs and methods of use can be in vivo, and particularlyon humans, and for in vitro applications, such as diagnostic andresearch applications, using body fluids and cell samples. The imagingmethods using a labeled HDACI of structural formula (I) are discussed inWO 03/060523, designating the U.S. and incorporated in its entiretyherein. Typically, the method comprises contacting cells or tissues witha radiolabeled compound of structural formula (I), and making aradiographic image, i.e., a sufficient amount to provide about 1 toabout 30 mCi of the radiolabeled compound.

Preferred imaging methods include the use of labeled HDACIs ofstructural formula (I) which are capable of generating at least a 2:1target to background ratio of radiation intensity, or more preferablyabout a 5:1, about 10:1, or about 15:1 ratio of radiation intensitybetween target and background.

In preferred methods, the labeled HDACIs of structural formula (I) areexcreted from tissues of the body quickly to prevent prolonged exposureto the radiation of the radiolabeled compound administered to theindividual. Typically, labeled HDACIs of structural formula I areeliminated from the body in less than about 24 hours. More preferably,labeled HDACIs are eliminated from the body in less than about 16 hours,12 hours, 8 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, 2 hours, 90 minutes, or 60 minutes.Typically, preferred labeled HDACIs are eliminated in about 60 to about120 minutes.

The HDACIs of structural formula (I) also are useful in the treatment ofautoimmune diseases and inflammations. Compounds of the presentinvention are particularly useful in overcoming graft and transplantrejections and in treating forms of arthritis.

Despite successes of modern transplant programs, the nephrotoxicity,cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia associated withcurrent therapeutic regimens, plus the incidence of post-transplantmalignancies and graft loss from chronic rejection, drive efforts toachieve long-term allograft function in association with minimalimmunosuppression. Likewise, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is increasing.Animal studies have shown that T regulatory cells (Tregs) expressing theforkhead transcription family member, Foxp3, are key to limitingautoreactive and alloreactive immunity. Moreover, after their inductionby sostimulation blockade, immunosuppression, or other strategies, Tregsmay be adoptively transferred to naïve hosts to achieve beneficialtherapeutic effects. However, attempts to develop sufficient Tregs thatmaintain their suppressive functions post-transfer in clinical trialshave failed. Murine studies show that HDACIs limit immune responses, atleast in significant part, by increasing Treg suppressive functions, (R.Tao et al., Nat Med, 13, 1299-1307, (2007). and that selective targetingof HDAC6 is especially efficacious in this regard.

With organ transplantation, rejection begins to develop in the daysimmediately post-transplant, such that prevention rather than treatmentof rejection is a paramount consideration. The reverse applies inautoimmunity, wherein a patient presents with the disease alreadycausing problems. Accordingly, HDAC6−/− mice treated for 14 days withlow-dose RPM (rapamycin) are assessed for displaying signs of toleranceinduction and resistance to the development of chronic rejection, acontinuing major loss of graft function long-term in the clinicaltransplant population. Tolerance is assessed by testing whether micewith long-surviving allografts reject a subsequent third-party cardiacgraft and accept additional donor allografts without anyimmunosuppression, as can occur using a non-selective HDACI plus RPM.These in vivo studies are accompanied by assessment of ELISPOT and MLRactivities using recipient lymphocytes challenged with donor cells.Protection against chronic rejection is assessed by analysis of hostanti-donor humoral responses and analysis of graft transplantarteriosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis in long-surviving allograftrecipients.

The importance of HDAC6 targeting is assessed in additional transplantmodels seeking readouts of biochemical significance, as is monitoredclinically. Thus, the effects of HDAC6 in targeting in renal transplantrecipients (monitoring BUN, proteinuria) and islet allografts(monitoring blood glucose levels) are assessed. Renal transplants arethe most common organ transplants performed, and the kidney performsmultiple functions, e.g., regulating acid/base metabolism, bloodpressure, red cell production, such that efficacy in this modelindicates the utility of HDAC6 targeting. Likewise, islettransplantation is a major unmet need given that clinical isletallografts are typically lost after the first one or two yearspost-transplant. Having a safe and non-toxic means to extend isletsurvival without maintenance CNI therapy would be an important advance.Transplant studies also are strengthened by use of mice with floxedHDAC6. Using existing Foxp3-Cre mice, for example, the effects ofdeletion of HDAC6 just in Tregs is tested. This approach can be extendedto targeting of HDAC6 in T cells (CD4-Cre) and dendritic cells(CD11c-Cre), for example. Using tamoxifen-regulated Cre, the importanceof HDAC6 in induction vs. maintenance of transplants (with implicationsfor short-term vs. maintenance HDAC6I therapy) is assessed byadministering tamoxifen and inducing HDAC6 deletion at varying periodspost-transplant.

Studies of autoimmunity also are undertaken. In this case, interruptionof existing disease is especially important and HDAC6 targeting can beefficacious without any requirement for additional therapy (in contrastto a need for brief low-dose RPM in the very aggressive, fullyMHC-mismatched transplant models). Studies in mice with colitisindicated that HDAC6−/− Tregs were more effective than WT Tregs inregulating disease, and tubacin was able to rescue mice if treatment wasbegun once colitis had developed. These studies are extended byassessing whether deletion of HDAC6 in Tregs (Foxp3/Cre) vs. T cells(CD4=Cre) vs. DC (CD11c-Cre) differentially affect the development andseverity of colitis. Similarly, control of colitis is assessed byinducing HDAC6 deletion at varying intervals after the onset of colitiswith tamoxifen-regulated Cre.

Compound 6 has been shown to enhance murine Treg suppression at aconcentration of greater than 100 μM. Compound 6 also has been shown toprolong cardiac allograft survival in mice.

Compound 6 further demonstrates anti-arthritic efficacy in acollagen-induced arthritis model in DBA1/J mice. In this test, DBA1/Jmice (male, 7-8 weeks) were used, with 8 animals per group. Systemicarthritis was induced with bovine collagen type II and CFA, plus an IFAbooster injection on day 21. Both ENBREL® and compound 6 were dosed IPon day 28 for 2 consecutive weeks (compound 6 compound only). Compound 6was dosed at 50 and 100 mg/kg. No loss of body weight was observed ineither group.

The results are summarized in FIG. 3, containing graphs of AverageArthritic Score vs. Days of Treatment. Compound 6 performed as well asENBREL at 50 mg/kg and outperformed ENBREL® at 100 mg/kg.

Therefore, despite efforts to avoid graft rejection through host-donortissue type matching, in the majority of transplantation procedures,immunosuppressive therapy is critical to the viability of the donororgan in the host. A variety of immunosuppressive agents have beenemployed in transplantation procedures, including azathioprine,methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, FK-506, rapamycin, and corticosteroids.

HDACIs of structural formula (I) are potent immunosuppressive agentsthat suppress humoral immunity and cell-mediated immune reactions, suchas allograft rejection, delayed hypersensitivity, experimental allergicencephalomyelitis, Freund's adjuvant arthritis and graft versus hostdisease. HDACIs of the present invention are useful for the prophylaxisof organ rejection subsequent to organ transplantation, for treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis, for the treatment of psoriasis, and for thetreatment of other autoimmune diseases, such as type I diabetes, Crohn'sdisease, and lupus.

A therapeutically effective amount of an HDACI of structural formula (I)can be used for immunosuppression including, for example, to preventorgan rejection or graft vs. host disease, and to treat diseases andconditions, in particular, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases andconditions. Examples of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases include,but are not limited to, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia,Addison's disease, psoriasis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemiclupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome,dermatomyositis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, myastheniagravis, Reiter's syndrome, arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, arthritischronic progrediente, and arthritis deformans) and rheumatic diseases,autoimmune hematological disorder (hemolytic anaemia, aplastic anaemia,pure red cell anaemia and idiopathic thrombocytopaenia), systemic lupuserythematosus, polychondritis, sclerodoma, Wegener granulamatosis,dermatomyositis, chronic active hepatitis, psoriasis, Steven-Johnsonsyndrome, idiopathic sprue, autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease(ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) endocrine opthalmopathy, Gravesdisease, sarcoidosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, juvenile diabetes(diabetes mellitus type I), uveitis (anterior and posterior),keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, interstitiallung fibrosis, psoriatic arthritis, and glomerulonephritis.

An HDACI of structural formula (I) can be used alone, or in conjunctionwith a second therapeutic agent known to be useful in the treatment ofautoimmune diseases, inflammations, transplants, and grafts, such ascyclosporin, rapamycin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine,corticosteroids, and similar agents known to persons skilled in the art.

In the present method, a therapeutically effective amount of one or moreHDACI of structural formula (I), typically formulated in accordance withpharmaceutical practice, is administered to a human being in needthereof. Whether such a treatment is indicated depends on the individualcase and is subject to medical assessment (diagnosis) that takes intoconsideration signs, symptoms, and/or malfunctions that are present, therisks of developing particular signs, symptoms and/or malfunctions, andother factors.

An HDACI of structural formula (I) can be administered by any suitableroute, for example by oral, buccal, inhalation, topical, sublingual,rectal, vaginal, intracisternal or intrathecal through lumbar puncture,transurethral, nasal, percutaneous, i.e., transdermal, or parenteral(including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracoronary,intradermal, intramammary, intraperitoneal, intraarticular, intrathecal,retrobulbar, intrapulmonary injection and/or surgical implantation at aparticular site) administration. Parenteral administration can beaccomplished using a needle and syringe or using a high pressuretechnique.

Pharmaceutical compositions include those wherein an HDACI of structuralformula (I) is present in a sufficient amount to be administered in aneffective amount to achieve its intended purpose. The exact formulation,route of administration, and dosage is determined by an individualphysician in view of the diagnosed condition or disease. Dosage amountand interval can be adjusted individually to provide levels of an HDACIof structural formula (I) that is sufficient to maintain therapeuticeffects.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the compounds of structural formula(I) can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cellcultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD₅₀ (thedose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀ (the dosetherapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratiobetween toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which isexpressed as the ratio between LD₅₀ and ED₅₀. Compounds that exhibithigh therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from such datacan be used in formulating a dosage range for use in humans. The dosagepreferably lies within a range of circulating compound concentrationsthat include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage can varywithin this range depending upon the dosage form employed, and the routeof administration utilized. Determination of a therapeutically effectiveamount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art,especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.

A therapeutically effective amount of an HDACI of structural formula (I)required for use in therapy varies with the nature of the conditionbeing treated, the length of time that activity is desired, and the ageand the condition of the patient, and ultimately is determined by theattendant physician. Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjustedindividually to provide plasma levels of the HDACI that are sufficientto maintain the desired therapeutic effects. The desired doseconveniently can be administered in a single dose, or as multiple dosesadministered at appropriate intervals, for example as one, two, three,four or more subdoses per day. Multiple doses often are desired, orrequired. For example, a present HDACI can be administered at afrequency of: four doses delivered as one dose per day at four-dayintervals (q4d×4); four doses delivered as one dose per day at three-dayintervals (q3d×4); one dose delivered per day at five-day intervals(qd×5); one dose per week for three weeks (qwk3); five daily doses, withtwo days rest, and another five daily doses (5/2/5); or, any doseregimen determined to be appropriate for the circumstance.

The dosage of a composition containing an HDACI of structural formula(I), or a composition containing the same, can be from about 1 ng/kg toabout 200 mg/kg, about 1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or about 1 mg/kg toabout 50 mg/kg of body weight. The dosage of a composition may be at anydosage including, but not limited to, about 1 μg/kg, 10 μg/kg, 25 μg/kg,50 μg/kg, 75 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg, 125 μg/kg, 150 μg/kg, 175 μg/kg, 200μg/kg, 225 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg, 275 μg/kg, 300 μg/kg, 325 μg/kg, 350 μg/kg,375 μg/kg, 400 μg/kg, 425 μg/kg, 450 μg/kg, 475 μg/kg, 500 μg/kg, 525μg/kg, 550 μg/kg, 575 μg/kg, 600 μg/kg, 625 μg/kg, 650 μg/kg, 675 μg/kg,700 μg/kg, 725 μg/kg, 750 μg/kg, 775 μg/kg, 800 μg/kg, 825 μg/kg, 850μg/kg, 875 μg/kg, 900 μg/kg, 925 μg/kg, 950 μg/kg, 975 μg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 5mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 175 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg. The above dosagesare exemplary of the average case, but there can be individual instancesin which higher or lower dosages are merited, and such are within thescope of this invention. In practice, the physician determines theactual dosing regimen that is most suitable for an individual patient,which can vary with the age, weight, and response of the particularpatient.

An HDACI of structural formula (I) used in a method of the presentinvention typically is administered in an amount of about 0.005 to about500 milligrams per dose, about 0.05 to about 250 milligrams per dose, orabout 0.5 to about 100 milligrams per dose. For example, an HDACI ofstructural formula (I) can be administered, per dose, in an amount ofabout 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,350, 400, 450, or 500 milligrams, including all doses between 0.005 and500 milligrams.

The HDACIs of the present invention typically are administered inadmixture with a pharmaceutical carrier selected with regard to theintended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the presentinvention are formulated in a conventional manner using one or morephysiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients andauxiliaries that facilitate processing of HDACIs of structural formula(I).

The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, or excipient, withwhich an HDACI of structural formula (I) is administered. Suchpharmaceutical carriers can be liquids, such as water and oils,including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin,such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, and the like.The carriers can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc,keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like. In addition, auxiliary,stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents can be used.The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sterile. Water is apreferred carrier when the HDACI of structural formula (I) isadministered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose andglycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularlyfor injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers also includeexcipients such as starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt,rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate,talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol,water, ethanol, and the like. The present compositions, if desired, canalso contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pHbuffering agents.

These pharmaceutical compositions can be manufactured, for example, byconventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making,emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes.Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.When a therapeutically effective amount of an HDACI of structuralformula (I) is administered orally, the composition typically is in theform of a tablet, capsule, powder, solution, or elixir. Whenadministered in tablet form, the composition additionally can contain asolid carrier, such as a gelatin or an adjuvant. The tablet, capsule,and powder contain about 0.01% to about 95%, and preferably from about1% to about 50%, of an HDACI of structural formula (I). Whenadministered in liquid form, a liquid carrier, such as water, petroleum,or oils of animal or plant origin, can be added. The liquid form of thecomposition can further contain physiological saline solution, dextroseor other saccharide solutions, or glycols. When administered in liquidform, the composition contains about 0.1% to about 90%, and preferablyabout 1% to about 50%, by weight, of a compound of structural formula(I).

When a therapeutically effective amount of an HDACI of structuralformula (I) is administered by intravenous, cutaneous, or subcutaneousinjection, the composition is in the form of a pyrogen-free,parenterally acceptable aqueous solution. The preparation of suchparenterally acceptable solutions, having due regard to pH, isotonicity,stability, and the like, is within the skill in the art. A preferredcomposition for intravenous, cutaneous, or subcutaneous injectiontypically contains, an isotonic vehicle. An HDACI of structural formula(I) can be infused with other fluids over a 10-30 minute span or overseveral hours.

HDACIs of structural formula (I) can be readily combined withpharmaceutically acceptable carriers well-known in the art. Suchcarriers enable the active agents to be formulated as tablets, pills,dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and thelike, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated. Pharmaceuticalpreparations for oral use can be obtained by adding the HDACI ofstructural formula (I) to a solid excipient, optionally grinding theresulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after addingsuitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.Suitable excipients include, for example, fillers and cellulosepreparations. If desired, disintegrating agents can be added.

An HDACI of structural formula (I) can be formulated for parenteraladministration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuousinfusion. Formulations for injection can be presented in unit dosageform, e.g., in ampules or in multidose containers, with an addedpreservative. The compositions can take such forms as suspensions,solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can containformulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or dispersingagents.

Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration includeaqueous solutions of the active agent in water-soluble form.Additionally, suspensions of an HDACI of structural formula (I) can beprepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilicsolvents or vehicles include fatty oils or synthetic fatty acid esters.Aqueous injection suspensions can contain substances which increase theviscosity of the suspension. Optionally, the suspension also can containsuitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of thecompounds and allow for the preparation of highly concentratedsolutions. Alternatively, a present composition can be in powder formfor constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-freewater, before use.

An HDACI of structural formula (I) also can be formulated in rectalcompositions, such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g.,containing conventional suppository bases. In addition to theformulations described previously, the HDACI of structural formula (I)also can be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long-actingformulations can be administered by implantation (for example,subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus,for example, the HDACIs of structural formula (I) can be formulated withsuitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsionin an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins.

In particular, the HDACIs of structural formula (I) can be administeredorally, buccally, or sublingually in the form of tablets containingexcipients, such as starch or lactose, or in capsules or ovules, eitheralone or in admixture with excipients, or in the form of elixirs orsuspensions containing flavoring or coloring agents. Such liquidpreparations can be prepared with pharmaceutically acceptable additives,such as suspending agents. The HDACIs of structural formula (I) also canbe injected parenterally, for example, intravenously, intramuscularly,subcutaneously, or intracoronarily. For parenteral administration, theHDACIs are best used in the form of a sterile aqueous solution which cancontain other substances, for example, salts or monosaccharides, such asmannitol or glucose, to make the solution isotonic with blood.

As an additional embodiment, the present invention includes kits whichcomprise one or more compounds or compositions packaged in a manner thatfacilitates their use to practice methods of the invention. In onesimple embodiment, the kit includes a compound or composition describedherein as useful for practice of a method (e.g., a compositioncomprising an HDACI of structural formula (I) and an optional secondtherapeutic agent), packaged in a container, such as a sealed bottle orvessel, with a label affixed to the container or included in the kitthat describes use of the compound or composition to practice the methodof the invention. Preferably, the compound or composition is packaged ina unit dosage form. The kit further can include a device suitable foradministering the composition according to the intended route ofadministration, for example, a syringe, drip bag, or patch. In anotherembodiment, the compounds of structural formula (I) is a lyophilate. Inthis instance, the kit can further comprise an additional containerwhich contains a solution useful for the reconstruction of thelyophilate.

Prior HDACIs possessed properties that hindered their development astherapeutic agents. In accordance with an important feature of thepresent invention, HDACIs of structural formula (I) were synthesized andevaluated as inhibitors for HDAC. For example, compounds of the presentinvention typically have a bonding affinity (IC₅₀) to HDAC6 of less than100 μM, less than 25 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.5μM, and less than 0.2 μM.

What is claimed:
 1. A compound having a structure


2. A compound having a structural formula

wherein R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₁₋₃alkyl, —CH₂CH═CH₂, Boc, —C(═O)CH₃, —(CH₂)₀₋₃C(═O)NH₂,C(═O)CH(CH₃)NH₂, —CH₂C(═O)OH,

 optionally substituted with —OCH₃; R⁰ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, —OCH₃, halo, and

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
 3. Thecompound of claim 2 wherein R^(a) is selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)NH₂, —CH₂CH═CH₂, -Boc,


4. The compound of claim 2 wherein R⁰ is selected from the groupconsisting of —CH₃, —C(CH₃)₃, —Cl, -Br, —OCH₃, and